# Theorem of Bertini

The theorem of Bertini states that the set of hyperplanes not containing X and with smooth intersection with X contains an open dense subset of the total system of divisors {displaystyle |H|} . The set itself is open if X is projective. If {displaystyle dim(X)geq 2} , then these intersections (called hyperplane sections of X) are connected, hence irreducible.

The theorem hence asserts that a general hyperplane section not equal to X is smooth, that is: the property of smoothness is generic.

Over an arbitrary field k, there is a dense open subset of the dual space {displaystyle (mathbf {P} ^{n})^{star }} whose rational points define hyperplanes smooth hyperplane sections of X. When k is infinite, this open subset then has infinitely many rational points and there are infinitely many smooth hyperplane sections in X.

Over a finite field, the above open subset may not contain rational points and in general there is no hyperplanes with smooth intersection with X. However, if we take hypersurfaces of sufficiently big degrees, then the theorem of Bertini holds.[3] Outline of a proof We consider the subfibration of the product variety {displaystyle Xtimes |H|} with fiber above {displaystyle xin X} the linear system of hyperplanes that intersect X non-transversally at x.

The rank of the fibration in the product is one less than the codimension of {displaystyle Xsubset mathbf {P} ^{n}} , so that the total space has lesser dimension than {displaystyle n} and so its projection is contained in a divisor of the complete system {displaystyle |H|} .

General statement Over any infinite field {displaystyle k} of characteristic 0, if X is a smooth quasi-projective {displaystyle k} -variety, a general member of a linear system of divisors on X is smooth away from the base locus of the system. For clarification, this means that given a linear system {displaystyle f:Xrightarrow mathbf {P} ^{n}} , the preimage {displaystyle f^{-1}(H)} of a hyperplane H is smooth -- outside the base locus of f -- for all hyperplanes H in some dense open subset of the dual projective space {displaystyle (mathbf {P} ^{n})^{star }} . This theorem also holds in characteristic p>0 when the linear system f is unramified. [4] Generalizations The theorem of Bertini has been generalized in various ways. For example, a result due to Steven Kleiman asserts the following (cf. Kleiman's theorem): for a connected algebraic group G, and any homogeneous G-variety X, and two varieties Y and Z mapping to X, let Yσ be the variety obtained by letting σ ∈ G act on Y. Then, there is an open dense subscheme H of G such that for σ ∈ H, {displaystyle Y^{sigma }times _{X}Z} is either empty or purely of the (expected) dimension dim Y + dim Z − dim X. If, in addition, Y and Z are smooth and the base field has characteristic zero, then H may be taken such that {displaystyle Y^{sigma }times _{X}Z} is smooth for all {displaystyle sigma in H} , as well. The above theorem of Bertini is the special case where {displaystyle X=mathbb {P} ^{n}} is expressed as the quotient of SLn by the parabolic subgroup of upper triangular matrices, Z is a subvariety and Y is a hyperplane.[5] Theorem of Bertini has also been generalized to discrete valuation domains or finite fields, or for étale coverings of X.

The theorem is often used for induction steps.

See also Grothendieck's connectedness theorem Notes ^ "Bertini theorems", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] ^ Hartshorne, Ch. III.10. ^ Poonen, Bjorn (2004). "Bertini theorems over finite fields". Annals of Mathematics. 160 (3): 1099–1127. doi:10.4007/annals.2004.160.1099. ^ Jouanolou, Jean-Pierre (1983). Théorèmes de Bertini et applications. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, Inc. p. 89. ISBN 0-8176-3164-X. ^ Kleiman, Steven L. (1974), "The transversality of a general translate", Compositio Mathematica, 28: 287–297, ISSN 0010-437X References Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157 Bertini and his two fundamental theorems by Steven L. Kleiman, on the life and works of Eugenio Bertini Categories: Geometry of divisorsTheorems in algebraic geometry

Si quieres conocer otros artículos parecidos a Theorem of Bertini puedes visitar la categoría Geometry of divisors.

Subir

Utilizamos cookies propias y de terceros para mejorar la experiencia de usuario Más información