Reeb sphere theorem

Reeb sphere theorem In mathematics, Reeb sphere theorem, named after Georges Reeb, states that A closed oriented connected manifold M n that admits a singular foliation having only centers is homeomorphic to the sphere Sn and the foliation has exactly two singularities. Contents 1 Morse foliation 2 Reeb sphere theorem 3 Generalization 4 References Morse foliation A singularity of a foliation F is of Morse type if in its small neighborhood all leaves of the foliation are level sets of a Morse function, being the singularity a critical point of the function. The singularity is a center if it is a local extremum of the function; otherwise, the singularity is a saddle.

The number of centers c and the number of saddles {displaystyle s} , specifically {displaystyle c-s} , is tightly connected with the manifold topology.

We denote {displaystyle operatorname {ind} p=min(k,n-k)} , the index of a singularity {displaystyle p} , where k is the index of the corresponding critical point of a Morse function. In particular, a center has index 0, index of a saddle is at least 1.

A Morse foliation F on a manifold M is a singular transversely oriented codimension one foliation of class {displaystyle C^{2}} with isolated singularities such that: each singularity of F is of Morse type, each singular leaf L contains a unique singularity p; in addition, if {displaystyle operatorname {ind} p=1} then {displaystyle Lsetminus p} is not connected. Reeb sphere theorem This is the case {displaystyle c>s=0} , the case without saddles.

Theorem:[1] Let {displaystyle M^{n}} be a closed oriented connected manifold of dimension {displaystyle ngeq 2} . Assume that {displaystyle M^{n}} admits a {displaystyle C^{1}} -transversely oriented codimension one foliation {displaystyle F} with a non empty set of singularities all of them centers. Then the singular set of {displaystyle F} consists of two points and {displaystyle M^{n}} is homeomorphic to the sphere {displaystyle S^{n}} .

It is a consequence of the Reeb stability theorem.

Generalization More general case is {displaystyle c>sgeq 0.} In 1978, Edward Wagneur generalized the Reeb sphere theorem to Morse foliations with saddles. He showed that the number of centers cannot be too much as compared with the number of saddles, notably, {displaystyle cleq s+2} . So there are exactly two cases when {displaystyle c>s} : (1) {displaystyle c=s+2,} (2) {displaystyle c=s+1.} He obtained a description of the manifold admitting a foliation with singularities that satisfy (1).

Theorem:[2] Let {displaystyle M^{n}} be a compact connected manifold admitting a Morse foliation {displaystyle F} with {displaystyle c} centers and {displaystyle s} saddles. Then {displaystyle cleq s+2} . In case {displaystyle c=s+2} , {displaystyle M} is homeomorphic to {displaystyle S^{n}} , all saddles have index 1, each regular leaf is diffeomorphic to {displaystyle S^{n-1}} .

Finally, in 2008, César Camacho and Bruno Scardua considered the case (2), {displaystyle c=s+1} . This is possible in a small number of low dimensions.

Theorem:[3] Let {displaystyle M^{n}} be a compact connected manifold and {displaystyle F} a Morse foliation on {displaystyle M} . If {displaystyle s=c+1} , then {displaystyle n=2,4,8} or {displaystyle 16} , {displaystyle M^{n}} is an Eells–Kuiper manifold. References ^ Reeb, Georges (1946), "Sur les points singuliers d'une forme de Pfaff complètement intégrable ou d'une fonction numérique", C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris (in French), 222: 847–849, MR 0015613. ^ Wagneur, Edward (1978), "Formes de Pfaff à singularités non dégénérées", Annales de l'Institut Fourier (in French), 28 (3): xi, 165–176, MR 0511820. ^ Camacho, César; Scárdua, Bruno (2008), "On foliations with Morse singularities", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 136 (11): 4065–4073, arXiv:math/0611395, doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09371-4, MR 2425748. Categories: FoliationsTheorems in topology

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