Teorema da recorrência de Poincaré
Teorema da recorrência de Poincaré "Recurrence time" redireciona aqui. For the concept from ergodic theory, see Ergodic theory § Sojourn time.
In mathematics and physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain dynamical systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state arbitrarily close to (for continuous state systems), or exactly the same as (for discrete state systems), their initial state.
The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence. This time may vary greatly depending on the exact initial state and required degree of closeness. The result applies to isolated mechanical systems subject to some constraints, por exemplo., all particles must be bound to a finite volume. The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. Systems to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies are called conservative systems.
The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré, who discussed it in 1890[1][2] and proved by Constantin Carathéodory using measure theory in 1919.[3][4] Conteúdo 1 Precise formulation 2 Discussion of proof 3 Declaração formal 3.1 Teorema 1 3.2 Teorema 2 4 Quantum mechanical version 5 Veja também 6 Referências 7 Leitura adicional 8 External links Precise formulation Any dynamical system defined by an ordinary differential equation determines a flow map f t mapping phase space on itself. The system is said to be volume-preserving if the volume of a set in phase space is invariant under the flow. Por exemplo, all Hamiltonian systems are volume-preserving because of Liouville's theorem. The theorem is then: If a flow preserves volume and has only bounded orbits, então, for each open set, any orbit that intersects this open set intersects it infinitely often.[5] Discussion of proof The proof, speaking qualitatively, hinges on two premises:[6] A finite upper bound can be set on the total potentially accessible phase space volume. For a mechanical system, this bound can be provided by requiring that the system is contained in a bounded physical region of space (so that it cannot, por exemplo, eject particles that never return) – combined with the conservation of energy, this locks the system into a finite region in phase space. The phase volume of a finite element under dynamics is conserved (for a mechanical system, this is ensured by Liouville's theorem).
Imagine any finite starting volume {displaystyle D_{1}} of the phase space and to follow its path under the dynamics of the system. The volume evolves through a "phase tube" in the phase space, keeping its size constant. Assuming a finite phase space, after some number of steps {estilo de exibição k_{1}} the phase tube must intersect itself. This means that at least a finite fraction {estilo de exibição R_{1}} of the starting volume is recurring. Agora, consider the size of the non-returning portion {displaystyle D_{2}} of the starting phase volume – that portion that never returns to the starting volume. Using the principle just discussed in the last paragraph, we know that if the non-returning portion is finite, then a finite part {estilo de exibição R_{2}} of it must return after {estilo de exibição k_{2}} degraus. But that would be a contradiction, since in a number {estilo de exibição k_{3}=} lcm {estilo de exibição (k_{1},k_{2})} of step, Ambas {estilo de exibição R_{1}} e {estilo de exibição R_{2}} would be returning, against the hypothesis that only {estilo de exibição R_{1}} was. Desta forma, the non-returning portion of the starting volume cannot be the empty set, ou seja. all {displaystyle D_{1}} is recurring after some number of steps.
The theorem does not comment on certain aspects of recurrence which this proof cannot guarantee: There may be some special phases that never return to the starting phase volume, or that only return to the starting volume a finite number of times then never return again. These however are extremely "rare", making up an infinitesimal part of any starting volume. Not all parts of the phase volume need to return at the same time. Some will "miss" the starting volume on the first pass, only to make their return at a later time. Nothing prevents the phase tube from returning completely to its starting volume before all the possible phase volume is exhausted. A trivial example of this is the harmonic oscillator. Systems that do cover all accessible phase volume are called ergodic (this of course depends on the definition of "accessible volume"). What can be said is that for "almost any" starting phase, a system will eventually return arbitrarily close to that starting phase. The recurrence time depends on the required degree of closeness (the size of the phase volume). To achieve greater accuracy of recurrence, we need to take smaller initial volume, which means longer recurrence time. For a given phase in a volume, the recurrence is not necessarily a periodic recurrence. The second recurrence time does not need to be double the first recurrence time. Formal statement Let {estilo de exibição (X,Sigma ,dentro )} be a finite measure space and let {displaystyle fcolon Xto X} be a measure-preserving transformation. Below are two alternative statements of the theorem.
Teorema 1 Para qualquer {displaystyle Ein Sigma } , the set of those points {estilo de exibição x} do {estilo de exibição E} for which there exists {estilo de exibição Nin mathbb {N} } de tal modo que {estilo de exibição f^{n}(x)notin E} para todos {displaystyle n>N} has zero measure.
Em outras palavras, almost every point of {estilo de exibição E} returns to {estilo de exibição E} . Na verdade, almost every point returns infinitely often; ou seja.
{displaystyle mu left({xin E:{texto{ existe }}N{texto{ de tal modo que }}f^{n}(x)notin E{texto{ para todos }}n>N}certo)=0.} For a proof, see the cited reference.[7] Teorema 2 The following is a topological version of this theorem: Se {estilo de exibição X} is a second-countable Hausdorff space and {displaystyle Sigma } contains the Borel sigma-algebra, then the set of recurrent points of {estilo de exibição f} has full measure. Aquilo é, almost every point is recurrent.
For a proof, see the cited reference.[8] De forma geral, the theorem applies to conservative systems, and not just to measure-preserving dynamical systems. A grosso modo, one can say that conservative systems are precisely those to which the recurrence theorem applies.
Quantum mechanical version For time-independent quantum mechanical systems with discrete energy eigenstates, a similar theorem holds. Para cada {displaystyle varepsilon >0} e {estilo de exibição T_{0}>0} there exists a time T larger than {estilo de exibição T_{0}} , de tal modo que {estilo de exibição ||psi (T)chocalho -|psi (0)chocalho |
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