Peter–Weyl theorem

Peter–Weyl theorem In mathematics, the Peter–Weyl theorem is a basic result in the theory of harmonic analysis, applying to topological groups that are compact, but are not necessarily abelian. It was initially proved by Hermann Weyl, with his student Fritz Peter, in the setting of a compact topological group G (Peter & Weyl 1927). The theorem is a collection of results generalizing the significant facts about the decomposition of the regular representation of any finite group, as discovered by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and Issai Schur.

Let G be a compact group. The theorem has three parts. The first part states that the matrix coefficients of irreducible representations of G are dense in the space C(G) of continuous complex-valued functions on G, and thus also in the space L2(G) of square-integrable functions. The second part asserts the complete reducibility of unitary representations of G. The third part then asserts that the regular representation of G on L2(G) decomposes as the direct sum of all irreducible unitary representations. Inoltre, the matrix coefficients of the irreducible unitary representations form an orthonormal basis of L2(G). In the case that G is the group of unit complex numbers, this last result is simply a standard result from Fourier series.

Contenuti 1 Matrix coefficients 2 Decomposition of a unitary representation 3 Decomposition of square-integrable functions 3.1 Restriction to class functions 3.2 An example: '"`UNIQ--postMath-00000025-Qinù`"' 3.3 An example: SU(2) 4 Conseguenze 4.1 Representation theory of connected compact Lie groups 4.2 Linearity of compact Lie groups 4.3 Structure of compact topological groups 5 Guarda anche 6 References Matrix coefficients A matrix coefficient of the group G is a complex-valued function {stile di visualizzazione varphi } on G given as the composition {displaystyle varphi =Lcirc pi } where π : G → GL(V) is a finite-dimensional (continuo) group representation of G, and L is a linear functional on the vector space of endomorphisms of V (per esempio. trace), which contains GL(V) as an open subset. Matrix coefficients are continuous, since representations are by definition continuous, and linear functionals on finite-dimensional spaces are also continuous.

The first part of the Peter–Weyl theorem asserts (Bump 2004, §4.1; Knapp 1986, Teorema 1.12): Peter–Weyl Theorem (Parte I). The set of matrix coefficients of G is dense in the space of continuous complex functions C(G) on G, equipped with the uniform norm.

This first result resembles the Stone–Weierstrass theorem in that it indicates the density of a set of functions in the space of all continuous functions, subject only to an algebraic characterization. Infatti, the matrix coefficients form a unital algebra invariant under complex conjugation because the product of two matrix coefficients is a matrix coefficient of the tensor product representation, and the complex conjugate is a matrix coefficient of the dual representation. Hence the theorem follows directly from the Stone–Weierstrass theorem if the matrix coefficients separate points, which is obvious if G is a matrix group (Knapp 1986, p. 17). al contrario, it is a consequence of the theorem that any compact Lie group is isomorphic to a matrix group (Knapp 1986, Teorema 1.15).

A corollary of this result is that the matrix coefficients of G are dense in L2(G).

Decomposition of a unitary representation The second part of the theorem gives the existence of a decomposition of a unitary representation of G into finite-dimensional representations. Adesso, intuitively groups were conceived as rotations on geometric objects, so it is only natural to study representations which essentially arise from continuous actions on Hilbert spaces. (For those who were first introduced to dual groups consisting of characters which are the continuous homomorphisms into the circle group, this approach is similar except that the circle group is (ultimately) generalised to the group of unitary operators on a given Hilbert space.) Let G be a topological group and H a complex Hilbert space.

A continuous action ∗ : G × H → H, gives rise to a continuous map ρ∗ : G → HH (functions from H to H with the strong topology) definito da: ρ∗(g)(v) = ∗(g,v). This map is clearly a homomorphism from G into GL(H), the homeomorphic[chiarimenti necessari] automorphisms of H. al contrario, given such a map, we can uniquely recover the action in the obvious way.

Thus we define the representations of G on a Hilbert space H to be those group homomorphisms, r, which arise from continuous actions of G on H. We say that a representation ρ is unitary if ρ(g) is a unitary operator for all g ∈ G; cioè., {displaystyle langle rho (g)v,rho (g)wrangle =langle v,wrangle } for all v, w ∈ H. (I.e. it is unitary if ρ : G → U(H). Notice how this generalises the special case of the one-dimensional Hilbert space, where U(C) is just the circle group.) Given these definitions, we can state the second part of the Peter–Weyl theorem (Knapp 1986, Teorema 1.12): Peter–Weyl Theorem (Part II). Let ρ be a unitary representation of a compact group G on a complex Hilbert space H. Then H splits into an orthogonal direct sum of irreducible finite-dimensional unitary representations of G.

Decomposition of square-integrable functions To state the third and final part of the theorem, there is a natural Hilbert space over G consisting of square-integrable functions, {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} ; this makes sense because the Haar measure exists on G. The group G has a unitary representation ρ on {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} given by acting on the left, attraverso {stile di visualizzazione rho (h)f(g)=f(h^{-1}g).} The final statement of the Peter–Weyl theorem (Knapp 1986, Teorema 1.12) gives an explicit orthonormal basis of {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} . Roughly it asserts that the matrix coefficients for G, suitably renormalized, are an orthonormal basis of L2(G). In particolare, {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} decomposes into an orthogonal direct sum of all the irreducible unitary representations, in which the multiplicity of each irreducible representation is equal to its degree (questo è, the dimension of the underlying space of the representation). così, {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)={sottodimensionato {pi in Sigma }{widehat {bigoplus }}}E_{pi }^{oplus dim E_{pi }}} where Σ denotes the set of (isomorphism classes of) irreducible unitary representations of G, and the summation denotes the closure of the direct sum of the total spaces Eπ of the representations π.

We may also regard {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} as a representation of the direct product group {displaystyle Gtimes G} , with the two factors acting by translation on the left and the right, rispettivamente. Fix a representation {stile di visualizzazione (pi ,E_{pi })} di {stile di visualizzazione G} . The space of matrix coefficients for the representation may be identified with {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {Fine} (E_{pi })} , the space of linear maps of {stile di visualizzazione E_{pi }} to itself. The natural left and right action of {displaystyle Gtimes G} on the matrix coefficients corresponds to the action on {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {Fine} (E_{pi })} dato da {stile di visualizzazione (g,h)cdot A=pi (g)Api (h)^{-1}.} Then we may decompose {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} as unitary representation of {displaystyle Gtimes G} Nella forma {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)={sottodimensionato {pi in Sigma }{widehat {bigoplus }}}E_{pi }otimes E_{pi }^{*}.} Infine, we may form an orthonormal basis for {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} come segue. Suppose that a representative π is chosen for each isomorphism class of irreducible unitary representation, and denote the collection of all such π by Σ. Permettere {displaystyle scriptstyle {tu_{ij}^{(pi )}}} be the matrix coefficients of π in an orthonormal basis, in altre parole {displaystyle u_{ij}^{(pi )}(g)=langle pi (g)e_{j},e_{io}sonaglio .} for each g ∈ G. Infine, let d(Pi) be the degree of the representation π. The theorem now asserts that the set of functions {stile di visualizzazione a sinistra{{mq {d^{(pi )}}}tu_{ij}^{(pi )}metà ,pi in Sigma ,,,1leq i,jleq d^{(pi )}Giusto}} is an orthonormal basis of {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G).} Restriction to class functions A function {stile di visualizzazione f} on G is called a class function if {stile di visualizzazione f(hgh^{-1})=f(g)} per tutti {stile di visualizzazione g} e {stile di visualizzazione h} in G. The space of square-integrable class functions forms a closed subspace of {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} , and therefore a Hilbert space in its own right. Within the space of matrix coefficients for a fixed representation {stile di visualizzazione pi } is the character {stile di visualizzazione chi _{pi }} di {stile di visualizzazione pi } , definito da {stile di visualizzazione chi _{pi }(g)=nome operatore {trace} (pi (g)).} In the notation above, the character is the sum of the diagonal matrix coefficients: {stile di visualizzazione chi _{pi }=somma _{io=1}^{d^{(pi )}}tu_{ii}^{(pi )}.} An important consequence of the preceding result is the following: Teorema: The characters of the irreducible representations of G form an orthonormal basis for the space of square-integrable class functions on G.

This result plays an important part in Weyl's classification of the representations of a connected compact Lie group.[1] An example: {stile di visualizzazione S^{1}} A simple but helpful example is the case of the group of complex numbers of magnitude 1, {displaystyle G=S^{1}} . In questo caso, the irreducible representations are one-dimensional and given by {stile di visualizzazione pi _{n}(e^{itteta })=e^{intheta }.} There is then a single matrix coefficient for each representation, the function {displaystyle u_{n}(e^{itteta })=e^{intheta }.} The last part of the Peter–Weyl theorem then asserts in this case that these functions form an orthonormal basis for {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(S^{1})} . In questo caso, the theorem is simply a standard result from the theory of Fourier series.

For any compact group G, we can regard the decomposition of {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(G)} in terms of matrix coefficients as a generalization of the theory of Fourier series. Infatti, this decomposition is often referred to as a Fourier series.

An example: SU(2) We use the standard representation of the group SU(2) come {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {SU} (2)= sinistra{{inizio{pmatrice}alpha &-{sopra {beta }}\beta &{sopra {alfa }}fine{pmatrice}}: alfa ,beta in mathbb {C} ,,|alfa |^{2}+|beta |^{2}=1right}~,} così, SU(2) is represented as the 3-sphere {stile di visualizzazione S^{3}} sitting inside {displaystyle mathbb {C} ^{2}= matematica bb {R} ^{4}} . The irreducible representations of SU(2), meanwhile, are labeled by a non-negative integer {stile di visualizzazione m} and can be realized as the natural action of SU(2) on the space of homogeneous polynomials of degree {stile di visualizzazione m} in two complex variables.[2] The matrix coefficients of the {stile di visualizzazione m} th representation are hyperspherical harmonics of degree {stile di visualizzazione m} , questo è, the restrictions to {stile di visualizzazione S^{3}} of homogeneous harmonic polynomials of degree {stile di visualizzazione m} in {displaystyle alfa } e {displaystyle beta } . The key to verifying this claim is to compute that for any two complex numbers {stile di visualizzazione z_{1}} e {stile di visualizzazione z_{2}} , the function {stile di visualizzazione (alfa ,beta )mappe (z_{1}alpha +z_{2}beta )^{m}} is harmonic as a function of {stile di visualizzazione (alfa ,beta )in matematica bb {C} ^{2}= matematica bb {R} ^{4}} .

In questo caso, finding an orthonormal basis for {stile di visualizzazione L^{2}(nome operatore {SU} (2))=L^{2}(S^{3})} consisting of matrix coefficients amounts to finding an orthonormal basis consisting of hyperspherical harmonics, which is a standard construction in analysis on spheres.

Consequences Representation theory of connected compact Lie groups The Peter–Weyl theorem—specifically the assertion that the characters form an orthonormal basis for the space of square-integrable class functions—plays a key role in the classification of the irreducible representations of a connected compact Lie group.[3] The argument also depends on the Weyl integral formula (for class functions) and the Weyl character formula.

An outline of the argument may be found here.

Linearity of compact Lie groups One important consequence of the Peter–Weyl theorem is the following:[4] Teorema: Every compact Lie group has a faithful finite-dimensional representation and is therefore isomorphic to a closed subgroup of {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {GL} (n;mathbb {C} )} per alcuni {stile di visualizzazione n} . Structure of compact topological groups From the Peter–Weyl theorem, one can deduce a significant general structure theorem. Let G be a compact topological group, which we assume Hausdorff. For any finite-dimensional G-invariant subspace V in L2(G), where G acts on the left, we consider the image of G in GL(V). It is closed, since G is compact, and a subgroup of the Lie group GL(V). It follows by a theorem of Élie Cartan that the image of G is a Lie group also.

If we now take the limit (in the sense of category theory) over all such spaces V, we get a result about G: Because G acts faithfully on L2(G), G is an inverse limit of Lie groups. It may of course not itself be a Lie group: it may for example be a profinite group.

See also Pontryagin duality References Peter, F.; Weil, H. (1927), "Die Vollständigkeit der primitiven Darstellungen einer geschlossenen kontinuierlichen Gruppe", Matematica. Ann., 97: 737–755, doi:10.1007/BF01447892. Bump, Daniele (2004), Lie groups, Springer, ISBN 0-387-21154-3. Sala, Brian C. (2015), Gruppi di bugie, Algebre di bugia, e Rappresentanze: Un'introduzione elementare, Testi di laurea in Matematica, vol. 222 (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-3319134666. "Peter-Weyl theorem", Enciclopedia della matematica, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] Knapp, Anthony (1986), Teoria della rappresentazione di gruppi semisemplici, Stampa dell'Università di Princeton, ISBN 0-691-09089-0. Knapp, Anthony W. (2002), Lie Groups Beyond an Introduction, Progressi in matematica, vol. 140 (2nd ed.), Boston: Birkhauser, ISBN 0-8176-4259-5. Mostow, George D. (1961), "Cohomology of topological groups and solvmanifolds", Annali di matematica, Stampa dell'Università di Princeton, 73 (1): 20–48, doi:10.2307/1970281, JSTOR 1970281 Palais, Richard S.; Stewart, T. e. (1961), "The cohomology of differentiable transformation groups", Giornale americano di matematica, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 83 (4): 623–644, doi:10.2307/2372901, JSTOR 2372901. Specific ^ Hall 2015 Capitolo 12 ^ Sala 2015 Esempio 4.10 ^ Sala 2015 Sezione 12.5 ^ Knapp 2002, Corollary IV.4.22 Categories: Unitary representation theoryTopological groupsTheorems in harmonic analysisTheorems in representation theoryTheorems in group theory