Optional stopping theorem
Optional stopping theorem Not to be confused with Optimal stopping.
Na teoria da probabilidade, the optional stopping theorem (or Doob's optional sampling theorem) diz que, sob certas condições, the expected value of a martingale at a stopping time is equal to its initial expected value. Since martingales can be used to model the wealth of a gambler participating in a fair game, the optional stopping theorem says that, on average, nothing can be gained by stopping play based on the information obtainable so far (ou seja, without looking into the future). Certain conditions are necessary for this result to hold true. Em particular, the theorem applies to doubling strategies.
The optional stopping theorem is an important tool of mathematical finance in the context of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing.
Conteúdo 1 Declaração 1.1 Observação 2 Formulários 3 Prova 4 Referências 5 External links Statement A discrete-time version of the theorem is given below: Let X = (Xt)t∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0 be a discrete-time martingale and τ a stopping time with values in {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0 ∪ {∞}, both with respect to a filtration (Ft)t∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0. Assume that one of the following three conditions holds: (uma) The stopping time τ is almost surely bounded, ou seja, there exists a constant c ∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } such that τ ≤ c a.s. (b) The stopping time τ has finite expectation and the conditional expectations of the absolute value of the martingale increments are almost surely bounded, mais precisamente, {estilo de exibição mathbb {E} [sim ]
Then Xτ is an almost surely well defined random variable and {estilo de exibição mathbb {E} [X_{sim }]= mathbb {E} [X_{0}].} De forma similar, if the stochastic process X = (Xt)t∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0 is a submartingale or a supermartingale and one of the above conditions holds, então {estilo de exibição mathbb {E} [X_{sim }]geq mathbb {E} [X_{0}],} for a submartingale, e {estilo de exibição mathbb {E} [X_{sim }]leq mathbb {E} [X_{0}],} for a supermartingale.
Remark Under condition (c) it is possible that τ = ∞ happens with positive probability. On this event Xτ is defined as the almost surely existing pointwise limit of (Xt)t∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0 , see the proof below for details.
Applications The optional stopping theorem can be used to prove the impossibility of successful betting strategies for a gambler with a finite lifetime (which gives condition (uma)) or a house limit on bets (condition (b)). Suppose that the gambler can wager up to c dollars on a fair coin flip at times 1, 2, 3, etc., winning his wager if the coin comes up heads and losing it if the coin comes up tails. Suppose further that he can quit whenever he likes, but cannot predict the outcome of gambles that haven't happened yet. Then the gambler's fortune over time is a martingale, and the time τ at which he decides to quit (or goes broke and is forced to quit) is a stopping time. So the theorem says that E[Xτ] = E[X0]. Em outras palavras, the gambler leaves with the same amount of money on average as when he started. (The same result holds if the gambler, instead of having a house limit on individual bets, has a finite limit on his line of credit or how far in debt he may go, though this is easier to show with another version of the theorem.) Suppose a random walk starting at a ≥ 0 that goes up or down by one with equal probability on each step. Suppose further that the walk stops if it reaches 0 or m ≥ a; the time at which this first occurs is a stopping time. If it is known that the expected time at which the walk ends is finite (dizer, from Markov chain theory), the optional stopping theorem predicts that the expected stop position is equal to the initial position a. Solving a = pm + (1 – p)0 for the probability p that the walk reaches m before 0 gives p = a/m. Now consider a random walk X that starts at 0 and stops if it reaches –m or +m, and use the Yn = Xn2 – n martingale from the examples section. If τ is the time at which X first reaches ±m, então 0 = E[Y0] = E[Yτ] = m2 – E[t]. This gives E[t] = m2. Care must be taken, Contudo, to ensure that one of the conditions of the theorem hold. Por exemplo, suppose the last example had instead used a 'one-sided' stopping time, so that stopping only occurred at +m, not at −m. The value of X at this stopping time would therefore be m. Portanto, the expectation value E[Xτ] must also be m, seemingly in violation of the theorem which would give E[Xτ] = 0. The failure of the optional stopping theorem shows that all three of the conditions fail. Proof Let Xτ denote the stopped process, it is also a martingale (or a submartingale or supermartingale, respectivamente). Under condition (uma) ou (b), the random variable Xτ is well defined. Under condition (c) the stopped process Xτ is bounded, hence by Doob's martingale convergence theorem it converges a.s. pointwise to a random variable which we call Xτ.
If condition (c) detém, then the stopped process Xτ is bounded by the constant random variable M := c. Por outro lado, writing the stopped process as {estilo de exibição X_{t}^{sim }=X_{0}+soma _{s=0}^{tau -1land t-1}(X_{s+1}-X_{s}),quad tin {mathbb {N} }_{0},} dá |Xtτ| ≤ M for all t ∈ {estilo de exibição mathbb {N} } 0, Onde {estilo de exibição M:=|X_{0}|+soma _{s=0}^{sim -1}|X_{s+1}-X_{s}|=|X_{0}|+soma _{s=0}^{infty }|X_{s+1}-X_{s}|cdot mathbf {1} _{{tau >s}}} .
By the monotone convergence theorem {estilo de exibição mathbb {E} [M]= mathbb {E} [|X_{0}|]+soma _{s=0}^{infty }mathbb {E} {De repente [}|X_{s+1}-X_{s}|cdot mathbf {1} _{{tau >s}}{maior ]}} .
If condition (uma) detém, then this series only has a finite number of non-zero terms, hence M is integrable.
If condition (b) detém, then we continue by inserting a conditional expectation and using that the event {τ > s} is known at time s (note that τ is assumed to be a stopping time with respect to the filtration), por isso {estilo de exibição {começar{alinhado}mathbb {E} [M]&=mathbb {E} [|X_{0}|]+soma _{s=0}^{infty }mathbb {E} {De repente [}underbrace {mathbb {E} {De repente [}|X_{s+1}-X_{s}|{grande |}{matemática {F}}_{s}{maior ]}cdot mathbf {1} _{{tau >s}}} _{leq ,c,mathbf {1} _{{tau >s}}{texto{ a.s. por (b)}}}{maior ]}\&leq mathbb {E} [|X_{0}|]+csum _{s=0}^{infty }mathbb {P} (tau >s)\&=mathbb {E} [|X_{0}|]+c,mathbb {E} [sim ]
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