Newton's theorem about ovals

Newton's theorem about ovals In mathematics, Newton's theorem about ovals states that the area cut off by a secant of a smooth convex oval is not an algebraic function of the secant.

Isaac Newton stated it as lemma 28 of section VI of book 1 of Newton's Principia, and used it to show that the position of a planet moving in an orbit is not an algebraic function of time. There has been some controversy about whether or not this theorem is correct because Newton did not state exactly what he meant by an oval, and for some interpretations of the word oval the theorem is correct, while for others it is false. Se "oval" significa "continuous convex curve", then there are counterexamples, such as triangles or one of the lobes of Huygens lemniscate y2 = x2 − x4, while Arnold (1989) pointed that if "oval" significa "infinitely differentiable convex curve" then Newton's claim is correct and his argument has the essential steps of a rigorous proof.

Vassiliev (2002) generalized Newton's theorem to higher dimensions.

Statement The lemniscate of Gerono or Huygens; the area cut off by a secant is algebraic, but the lemniscate is not smooth at the origin An English translation Newton's original statement (Newton 1966, lemma 28 seção 6 book I) é: "There is no oval figure whose area, cut off by right lines at pleasure, can be universally found by means of equations of any number of finite terms and dimensions."

In modern mathematical language, Newton essentially proved the following theorem: There is no convex smooth (meaning infinitely differentiable) curve such that the area cut off by a line ax + by = c is an algebraic function of a, b, and c.

Em outras palavras, "oval" in Newton's statement should mean "convex smooth curve". The infinite differentiability at all points is necessary: For any positive integer n there are algebraic curves that are smooth at all but one point and differentiable n times at the remaining point for which the area cut off by a secant is algebraic.

Newton observed that a similar argument shows that the arclength of a (smooth convex) oval between two points is not given by an algebraic function of the points.

Newton's proof If the oval is a circle centered at the origin, then the spiral constructed by Newton is an Archimedean spiral.

Newton took the origin P inside the oval, and considered the spiral of points (r, eu) in polar coordinates whose distance r from P is the area cut off by the lines from P with angles 0 and θ. He then observed that this spiral cannot be algebraic as it has an infinite number of intersections with a line through P, so the area cut off by a secant cannot be an algebraic function of the secant.

This proof requires that the oval and therefore the spiral be smooth; otherwise the spiral might be an infinite union of pieces of different algebraic curves. This is what happens in the various "counterexamples" to Newton's theorem for non-smooth ovals.

References Arnold, V. EU. (1989), "Topological proof of the transcendence of the abelian integrals in Newton's Principia", Istoriko-Matematicheskie Issledovaniya (31): 7–17, ISSN 0136-0949, MR 0993175 Arnaldo, V. EU.; Vasilev, V. UMA. (1989), "Newton's Principia read 300 years later", Avisos da American Mathematical Society, 36 (9): 1148–1154, ISSN 0002-9920, MR 1024727 Newton, EU. (1966), Principia Vol. I O Movimento dos Corpos, traduzido por Andrew Motte (1729), Revised by Florian Cajori (1934) (baseado na 2ª edição de Newton (1713) ed.), Berkeley, CA: Imprensa da Universidade da Califórnia, ISBN 978-0-520-00928-8 Tradução alternativa de anterior (2nd) edição do Principia de Newton. Pesic, Peter (2001), "The validity of Newton's Lemma 28", História matemática, 28 (3): 215-219, doi:10.1006/hmat.2001.2321, ISSN 0315-0860, MR 1849799 Pourciau, Bruce (2001), "The integrability of ovals: Newton's Lemma 28 and its counterexamples", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 55 (5): 479-499, doi:10.1007/s004070000034, ISSN 0003-9519, MR 1827869 Vassiliev, V. UMA. (2002), Applied Picard-Lefschetz theory, Pesquisas e Monografias Matemáticas, volume. 97, Providência, R.I.: Sociedade Americana de Matemática, doi:10.1090/surv/097, ISBN 978-0-8218-2948-6, MR 1930577 hide vte Sir Isaac Newton Publications Fluxions (1671)De Motu (1684)Principia (1687; escrita)Opticks (1704)Queries (1704)Arithmetica (1707)De Analysi (1711) Other writings Quaestiones (1661–1665)"standing on the shoulders of giants" (1675)Notes on the Jewish Temple (c. 1680)"General Scholium" (1713; "hypotheses non fingo" )Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728)Corruptions of Scripture (1754) Contributions Calculus fluxionImpact depthInertiaNewton discNewton polygon Newton–Okounkov bodyNewton's reflectorNewtonian telescopeNewton scaleNewton's metalSpectrumStructural coloration Newtonianism Bucket argumentNewton's inequalitiesNewton's law of coolingNewton's law of universal gravitation post-Newtonian expansionparameterizedgravitational constantNewton–Cartan theorySchrödinger–Newton equationNewton's laws of motion Kepler's lawsNewtonian dynamicsNewton's method in optimization Apollonius's problemtruncated Newton methodGauss–Newton algorithmNewton's ringsNewton's theorem about ovalsNewton–Pepys problemNewtonian potentialNewtonian fluidClassical mechanicsCorpuscular theory of lightLeibniz–Newton calculus controversyNewton's notationRotating spheresNewton's cannonballNewton–Cotes formulasNewton's method generalized Gauss–Newton methodNewton fractalNewton's identitiesNewton polynomialNewton's theorem of revolving orbitsNewton–Euler equationsNewton number kissing number problemNewton's quotientParallelogram of forceNewton–Puiseux theoremAbsolute space and timeLuminiferous aetherNewtonian series table Personal life Woolsthorpe Manor (birthplace)Cranbury Park (home)Early lifeLater lifeReligious viewsOccult studiesScientific RevolutionCopernican Revolution Relations Catherine Barton (niece)John Conduitt (nephew-in-law)Isaac Barrow (professor)William Clarke (mentor)Benjamin Pulleyn (tutor)John Keill (disciple)William Stukeley (friend)William Jones (friend)Abraham de Moivre (friend) Depictions Newton by Blake (monotype)Newton by Paolozzi (sculpture) Namesake Newton (unidade)Newton's cradleIsaac Newton InstituteIsaac Newton MedalIsaac Newton TelescopeIsaac Newton Group of TelescopesSir Isaac Newton Sixth FormStatal Institute of Higher Education Isaac NewtonNewton International Fellowship Categories Isaac Newton Categories: Theorems about curvesIsaac NewtonTheorems in plane geometry