# Nash–Moser theorem

Nash–Moser theorem In the mathematical field of analysis, the Nash–Moser theorem, discovered by mathematician John Forbes Nash and named for him and Jürgen Moser, is a generalization of the inverse function theorem on Banach spaces to settings when the required solution mapping for the linearized problem is not bounded.

Contents 1 Introduction 2 History 3 The problem of loss of derivatives 4 The schematic form of Nash's solution 5 Hamilton's formulation of the theorem 5.1 Tame Fréchet spaces 5.2 Smooth tame maps 5.3 Proof of the theorem 6 References Introduction In contrast to the Banach space case, in which the invertibility of the derivative at a point is sufficient for a map to be locally invertible, the Nash–Moser theorem requires the derivative to be invertible in a neighborhood. The theorem is widely used to prove local existence for non-linear partial differential equations in spaces of smooth functions. It is particularly useful when the inverse to the derivative "loses" derivatives, and therefore the Banach space implicit function theorem cannot be used.

History The Nash–Moser theorem traces back to Nash (1956), who proved the theorem in the special case of the isometric embedding problem. It is clear from his paper that his method can be generalized. Moser (1966a, 1966b), for instance, showed that Nash's methods could be successfully applied to solve problems on periodic orbits in celestial mechanics in the KAM theory. However, it has proven quite difficult to find a suitable general formulation; there is, to date, no all-encompassing version; various versions due to Gromov, Hamilton, Hörmander, Saint-Raymond, Schwartz, and Sergeraert are given in the references below. That of Hamilton's, quoted below, is particularly widely cited.

The problem of loss of derivatives This will be introduced in the original setting of the Nash–Moser theorem, that of the isometric embedding problem. Let {displaystyle Omega } be an open subset of {displaystyle mathbb {R} ^{n}.} Consider the map {displaystyle P:C^{1}(Omega ;mathbb {R} ^{N})to C^{0}{big (}Omega ;{text{Sym}}_{ntimes n}(mathbb {R} ){big )}} given by {displaystyle P(f)_{ij}=sum _{alpha =1}^{N}{frac {partial f^{alpha }}{partial u^{i}}}{frac {partial f^{alpha }}{partial u^{j}}}.} In Nash's solution of the isometric embedding problem (as would be expected in the solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations) a major step is a statement of the schematic form "If f is such that P(f) is positive-definite, then for any matrix-valued function g which is close to P(f), there exists fg with P(fg)=g."

Following standard practice, one would expect to apply the Banach space inverse function theorem. So, for instance, one might expect to restrict P to C5(Ω;ℝN) and, for an immersion f in this domain, to study the linearization C5(Ω;ℝN)→C4(Ω;Symn×n(ℝ)) given by {displaystyle {widetilde {f}}mapsto sum _{alpha =1}^{N}{frac {partial f^{alpha }}{partial u^{i}}}{frac {partial {widetilde {f}}^{beta }}{partial u^{j}}}+sum _{alpha =1}^{N}{frac {partial {widetilde {f}}^{alpha }}{partial u^{i}}}{frac {partial f^{beta }}{partial u^{j}}}.} If one could show that this were invertible, with bounded inverse, then the Banach space inverse function theorem directly applies.

However, there is a deep reason that such a formulation cannot work. The issue is that there is a second-order differential operator of P(f) which coincides with a second-order differential operator applied to f. To be precise: if f is an immersion then {displaystyle R^{P(f)}=|H(f)|^{2}-|h(f)|_{P(f)}^{2},} where RP(f) is the scalar curvature of the Riemannian metric P(f), H(f) denotes the mean curvature of the immersion f, and h(f) denotes its second fundamental form; the above equation is the Gauss equation from surface theory. So, if P(f) is C4, then RP(f) is generally only C2. Then, according to the above equation, f can generally be only C4; if it were C5 then |H|2-|h|2 would have to be at least C3. The source of the problem can be quite succinctly phrased in the following way: the Gauss equation shows that there is a differential operator Q such that the order of the composition of Q with P is less than the sum of the orders of P and Q.

In context, the upshot is that the inverse to the linearization of P, even if it exists as a map C∞(Ω;Symn×n(ℝ))→C∞(Ω;ℝN), cannot be bounded between appropriate Banach spaces, and hence the Banach space implicit function theorem cannot be applied.

By exactly the same reasoning, one cannot directly apply the Banach space implicit function theorem even if one uses the Hölder spaces, the Sobolev spaces, or any of the Ck spaces. In any of these settings, an inverse to the linearization of P will fail to be bounded.

This is the problem of loss of derivatives. A very naive expectation is that, generally, if P is an order k differential operator, then if P(f) is in Cm then f must be in Cm+k. However, this is somewhat rare. In the case of uniformly elliptic differential operators, the famous Schauder estimates show that this naive expectation is borne out, with the caveat that one must replace the Ck spaces with the Hölder spaces Ck,α; this causes no extra difficulty whatsoever for the application of the Banach space implicit function theorem. However, the above analysis shows that this naive expectation is not borne out for the map which sends an immersion to its induced Riemannian metric; given that this map is of order 1, one does not gain the "expected" one derivative upon inverting the operator. The same failure is common in geometric problems, where the action of the diffeomorphism group is the root cause, and in problems of hyperbolic differential equations, where even in the very simplest problems one does not have the naively expected smoothness of a solution. All of these difficulties provide common contexts for applications of the Nash–Moser theorem.

The schematic form of Nash's solution This section only aims to describe an idea, and as such it is intentionally imprecise. For concreteness, suppose that P is an order-one differential operator on some function spaces, so that it defines a map P:Ck+1→Ck for each k. Suppose that, at some Ck+1 function f, the linearization DPf:Ck+1→Ck has a right inverse S:Ck→Ck; in the above language this reflects a "loss of one derivative". One can concretely see the failure of trying to use Newton's method to prove the Banach space implicit function theorem in this context: if g∞ is close to P(f) in Ck and one defines the iteration {displaystyle f_{n+1}=f_{n}+S{big (}g_{infty }-P(f_{n}){big )},} then f1∈Ck+1 implies that g∞-P(fn) is in Ck, and then f2 is in Ck. By the same reasoning, f3 is in Ck-1, and f4 is in Ck-2, and so on. In finitely many steps the iteration must end, since it will lose all regularity and the next step will not even be defined.

Nash's solution is quite striking in its simplicity. Suppose that for each t>0 one has a smoothing operator θt which takes a Cn function, returns a smooth function, and approximates the identity when t is large. Then the "smoothed" Newton iteration {displaystyle f_{n+1}=f_{n}+S{big (}theta _{n}(g_{infty }-P(f_{n})){big )}} transparently does not encounter the same difficulty as the previous "unsmoothed" version, since it is an iteration in the space of smooth functions which never loses regularity. So one has a well-defined sequence of functions; the major surprise of Nash's approach is that this sequence actually converges to a function f∞ with P(f∞)=g∞. For many mathematicians, this is rather surprising, since the "fix" of throwing in a smoothing operator seems too superficial to overcome the deep problem in the standard Newton method. For instance, on this point Mikhael Gromov says You must be a novice in analysis or a genius like Nash to believe anything like that can be ever true. [...] [This] may strike you as realistic as a successful performance of perpetuum mobile with a mechanical implementation of Maxwell’s demon... unless you start following Nash’s computation and realize to your immense surprise that the smoothing does work.

Remark. The true "smoothed Newton iteration" is a little more complicated than the above form, although there are a few inequivalent forms, depending on where one chooses to insert the smoothing operators. The primary difference is that one requires invertibility of DPf for an entire open neighborhood of choices of f, and then one uses the "true" Newton iteration, corresponding to (using single-variable notation) {displaystyle x_{n+1}=x_{n}-{frac {f(x_{n})}{f'(x_{n})}}} as opposed to {displaystyle x_{n+1}=x_{n}-{frac {f(x_{n})}{f'(x_{0})}},} the latter of which reflects the forms given above. This is rather important, since the improved quadratic convergence of the "true" Newton iteration is significantly used to combat the error of "smoothing," in order to obtain convergence. Certain approaches, in particular Nash's and Hamilton's, follow the solution of an ordinary differential equation in function space rather than an iteration in function space; the relation of the latter to the former is essentially that of the solution of Euler's method to that of a differential equation.

Hamilton's formulation of the theorem See also: Differentiation in Fréchet spaces § Tame Fréchet spaces The following statement appears in Hamilton (1982): Let F and G be tame Fréchet spaces, let {displaystyle Usubseteq F} be an open subset, and let {displaystyle P:Urightarrow G} be a smooth tame map. Suppose that for each {displaystyle fin U} the linearization {displaystyle dP_{f}:Fto G} is invertible, and the family of inverses, as a map {displaystyle Utimes Gto F,} is smooth tame. Then P is locally invertible, and each local inverse {displaystyle P^{-1}} is a smooth tame map.

Similarly, if each linearization is only injective, and a family of left inverses is smooth tame, then P is locally injective. And if each linearization is only surjective, and a family of right inverses is smooth tame, then P is locally surjective with a smooth tame right inverse.

Tame Fréchet spaces A graded Fréchet space consists of the following data: a vector space {displaystyle F} a countable collection of seminorms {displaystyle |,cdot ,|_{n}:Fto mathbb {R} } such that {displaystyle |f|_{0}leq |f|_{1}leq |f|_{2}leq cdots } for all {displaystyle fin F.} One requires these to satisfy the following conditions: if {displaystyle fin F} is such that {displaystyle |f|_{n}=0} for all {displaystyle n=0,1,2,ldots } then {displaystyle f=0} if {displaystyle f_{j}in F} is a sequence such that, for each {displaystyle n=0,1,2,ldots } and every {displaystyle varepsilon >0} there exists {displaystyle N_{n,varepsilon }} such that {displaystyle j,k>N_{n,varepsilon }} implies {displaystyle |f_{j}-f_{k}|_{n}b} there is a number {displaystyle C_{n}} such that {displaystyle sup _{kin mathbb {N} }e^{nk}|L(f)_{k}|_{B}leq C_{n}|f|_{r+n}} for every {displaystyle fin F,} and {displaystyle |M({x_{i}})|_{n}leq C_{n}sup _{kin mathbb {N} }e^{(r+n)k}|x_{k}|_{B}} for every {displaystyle left{x_{i}right}in Sigma (B).} Here {displaystyle Sigma (B)} denotes the vector space of exponentially decreasing sequences in {displaystyle B,} that is, {displaystyle Sigma (B)={Big {}{text{maps }}x:mathbb {N} to B{text{ s.t. }}sup _{kin mathbb {N} }e^{nk}|x_{k}|_{B}0} such that {displaystyle |f-f_{1}|b} implies {displaystyle {big |}D^{k}Pleft(f,h_{1},ldots ,h_{k}right){big |}_{n}leq C_{n}{Big (}|f|_{n+r}+|h_{1}|_{n+r}+cdots +|h_{k}|_{n+r}+1{Big )}} for all {displaystyle left(f,h_{1},dots ,h_{k}right)in Utimes Ftimes cdots times F} .

The fundamental example says that, on a compact smooth manifold, a nonlinear partial differential operator (possibly between sections of vector bundles over the manifold) is a smooth tame map; in this case, r can be taken to be the order of the operator.

Proof of the theorem Let S denote the family of inverse mappings {displaystyle Utimes Gto F.} Consider the special case that F and G are spaces of exponentially decreasing sequences in Banach spaces, i.e. F=Σ(B) and G=Σ(C). (It is not too difficult to see that this is sufficient to prove the general case.) For a positive number c, consider the ordinary differential equation in Σ(B) given by {displaystyle f'=cS{Big (}theta _{t}(f),theta _{t}{big (}g_{infty }-P(f){big )}{Big )}.} Hamilton shows that if {displaystyle P(0)=0} and {displaystyle g_{infty }} is sufficiently small in Σ(C), then the solution of this differential equation with initial condition {displaystyle f(0)=0} exists as a mapping [0,∞)→Σ(B), and that f(t) converges as t→∞ to a solution of {displaystyle P(f)=g_{infty }.} References Gromov, M. L. (1972), "Smoothing and inversion of differential operators", Mat. Sb., New Series, 88 (130): 382–441, MR 0310924 Gromov, Mikhael (1986). Partial Differential Relations. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (3). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-540-12177-3. MR 0864505. Hamilton, Richard S. (1982), "The inverse function theorem of Nash and Moser" (PDF-12MB), Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., New Series, 7 (1): 65–222, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15004-2, MR 0656198 Hörmander, Lars (1976), "The boundary problems of physical geodesy", Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 62 (1): 1–52, MR 0602181 Hörmander, L. (1977), "Correction to: "The boundary problems of physical geodesy"", Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 65 (44): 395, MR 0602188 Moser, Jürgen (1966a), "A rapidly convergent iteration method and non-linear partial differential equations. I", Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa (3), 20: 265–315, MR 0199523 Moser, Jürgen (1966b), "A rapidly convergent iteration method and non-linear partial differential equations. II", Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa (3), 20: 499–535, MR 0206461 Nash, John (1956), "The imbedding problem for Riemannian manifolds", Annals of Mathematics, 63 (1): 20–63, doi:10.2307/1969989, JSTOR 1969989, MR 0075639. Saint-Raymond, Xavier (1989), "A simple Nash-Moser implicit function theorem", Enseign. Math. (2), 35 (3–4): 217–226, MR 1039945 Schwartz, J. (1960), "On Nash's implicit functional theorem", Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 13: 509–530, MR 0114144 Sergeraert, Francis (1972), "Un théorème de fonctions implicites sur certains espaces de Fréchet et quelques applications", Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (4), 5: 599–660, MR 0418140 Zehnder, E., "Generalized implicit function theorems with applications to some small divisor problems. I", Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 28: 91–140, MR 0380867 Zehnder, E., "Generalized implicit function theorems with applications to some small divisor problems. II", Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 29 (1): 49–111, MR 0426055 show vte Functional analysis (topics – glossary) show vte Analysis in topological vector spaces Categories: Differential equationsTopological vector spacesInverse functionsTheorems in functional analysis

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