# Grunwald–Wang theorem

Grunwald–Wang theorem In algebraic number theory, the Grunwald–Wang theorem is a local-global principle stating that—except in some precisely defined cases—an element x in a number field K is an nth power in K if it is an nth power in the completion {Anzeigestil K_{mathfrak {p}}} for all but finitely many primes {Anzeigestil {mathfrak {p}}} of K. Zum Beispiel, a rational number is a square of a rational number if it is a square of a p-adic number for almost all primes p. The Grunwald–Wang theorem is an example of a local-global principle.

It was introduced by Wilhelm Grunwald (1933), but there was a mistake in this original version that was found and corrected by Shianghao Wang (1948). The theorem considered by Grunwald and Wang was more general than the one stated above as they discussed the existence of cyclic extensions with certain local properties, and the statement about nth powers is a consequence of this.

Inhalt 1 Geschichte 2 Wang's counter-example 2.1 An element that is an nth power almost everywhere locally but not everywhere locally 2.2 An element that is an nth power everywhere locally but not globally 3 A consequence of Wang's counter-example 4 Special fields 5 Aussage des Theorems 6 Explanation of Wang's counter-example 7 Siehe auch 8 Anmerkungen 9 References History Some days later I was with Artin in his office when Wang appeared. He said he had a counterexample to a lemma which had been used in the proof. An hour or two later, he produced a counterexample to the theorem itself... Of course he [Artin] was astonished, as were all of us students, that a famous theorem with two published proofs, one of which we had all heard in the seminar without our noticing anything, could be wrong.

John Tate, quoted by Peter Roquette (2005, p.30) Grunwald (1933), a student of Helmut Hasse, gave an incorrect proof of the erroneous statement that an element in a number field is an nth power if it is an nth power locally almost everywhere. George Whaples (1942) gave another incorrect proof of this incorrect statement. However Wang (1948) discovered the following counter-example: 16 is a p-adic 8th power for all odd primes p, but is not a rational or 2-adic 8th power. In his doctoral thesis Wang (1950) written under Emil Artin, Wang gave and proved the correct formulation of Grunwald's assertion, by describing the rare cases when it fails. This result is what is now known as the Grunwald–Wang theorem. The history of Wang's counterexample is discussed by Peter Roquette (2005, section 5.3) Wang's counter-example Grunwald's original claim that an element that is an nth power almost everywhere locally is an nth power globally can fail in two distinct ways: the element can be an nth power almost everywhere locally but not everywhere locally, or it can be an nth power everywhere locally but not globally.

An element that is an nth power almost everywhere locally but not everywhere locally The element 16 in the rationals is an 8th power at all places except 2, but is not an 8th power in the 2-adic numbers.

Es ist klar, dass 16 is not a 2-adic 8th power, and hence not a rational 8th power, since the 2-adic valuation of 16 ist 4 which is not divisible by 8.

Generally, 16 is an 8th power in a field K if and only if the polynomial {Anzeigestil X^{8}-16} has a root in K. Write {Anzeigestil X^{8}-16=(X^{4}-4)(X^{4}+4)=(X^{2}-2)(X^{2}+2)(X^{2}-2X+2)(X^{2}+2X+2).} Daher, 16 is an 8th power in K if and only if 2, −2 or −1 is a square in K. Let p be any odd prime. It follows from the multiplicativity of the Legendre symbol that 2, −2 or −1 is a square modulo p. Somit, by Hensel's lemma, 2, −2 or −1 is a square in {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} _{p}} .

An element that is an nth power everywhere locally but not globally 16 is not an 8th power in {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} ({quadrat {7}})} although it is an 8th power locally everywhere (d.h. in {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} _{p}({quadrat {7}})} for all p). This follows from the above and the equality {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} _{2}({quadrat {7}})=mathbb {Q} _{2}({quadrat {-1}})} .

A consequence of Wang's counter-example Wang's counterexample has the following interesting consequence showing that one cannot always find a cyclic Galois extension of a given degree of a number field in which finitely many given prime places split in a specified way: There exists no cyclic degree 8 extension {displaystyle K/mathbb {Q} } in which the prime 2 is totally inert (d.h., so dass {Anzeigestil K_{2}/mathbb {Q} _{2}} is unramified of degree 8).

Special fields For any {displaystyle sgeq 2} Lassen {displaystyle eta _{s}:=exp links({frac {2pi ich}{2^{s}}}Rechts)+exp links(-{frac {2pi ich}{2^{s}}}Rechts)=2cos left({frac {2Pi }{2^{s}}}Rechts).} Note that the {Anzeigestil 2 ^{s}} th cyclotomic field is {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} _{2^{s}}=mathbb {Q} (ich,eta _{s}).} A field is called s-special if it contains {displaystyle eta _{s}} , but neither {Anzeigestil i} , {displaystyle eta _{s+1}} nor {displaystyle ieta _{s+1}} .

Statement of the theorem Consider a number field K and a natural number n. Let S be a finite (possibly empty) set of primes of K and put {Anzeigestil K(n,S):={xin Kmid xin K_{mathfrak {p}}^{n}Mathrm { für alle } {mathfrak {p}}not in S}.} The Grunwald–Wang theorem says that {Anzeigestil K(n,S)=K^{n}} unless we are in the special case which occurs when the following two conditions both hold: {Anzeigestil K} is s-special with an {Anzeigestil s} so dass {Anzeigestil 2 ^{s+1}} divides n. {Anzeigestil S} contains the special set {Anzeigestil S_{0}} consisting of those (necessarily 2-adic) Primzahlen {Anzeigestil {mathfrak {p}}} so dass {Anzeigestil K_{mathfrak {p}}} is s-special.

In the special case the failure of the Hasse principle is finite of order 2: the kernel of {displaystyle K^{mal }/K^{times n}to prod _{{mathfrak {p}}not in S}K_{mathfrak {p}}^{mal }/K_{mathfrak {p}}^{times n}} is Z/2Z, generated by the element ηn s+1.

Explanation of Wang's counter-example The field of rational numbers {displaystyle K=mathbb {Q} } is 2-special since it contains {displaystyle eta _{2}=0} , but neither {Anzeigestil i} , {displaystyle eta _{3}={quadrat {2}}} nor {displaystyle ieta _{3}={quadrat {-2}}} . The special set is {Anzeigestil S_{0}={2}} . Daher, the special case in the Grunwald–Wang theorem occurs when n is divisible by 8, and S contains 2. This explains Wang's counter-example and shows that it is minimal. It is also seen that an element in {Anzeigestil mathbb {Q} } is an nth power if it is a p-adic nth power for all p.

The field {displaystyle K=mathbb {Q} ({quadrat {7}})} is 2-special as well, but with {Anzeigestil S_{0}= leerer Satz } . This explains the other counter-example above.[1] See also The Hasse norm theorem states that for cyclic extensions an element is a norm if it is a norm everywhere locally. Notes ^ See Chapter X of Artin–Tate. References Artin, Emil; Tate, John (1990), Class field theory, ISBN 978-0-8218-4426-7, HERR 0223335 Grunwald, Wilhelm (1933), "Ein allgemeiner Existenzsatz für algebraische Zahlkörper", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 169: 103–107 Roquette, Peter (2005), The Brauer-Hasse-Noether theorem in historical perspective (Pdf), Schriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften [Publications of the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Section of Heidelberg Academy of Sciences], vol. 15, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-23005-2 Wang, Shianghaw (1948), "A counter-example to Grunwald's theorem", Annalen der Mathematik, Zweite Serie, 49: 1008–1009, doi:10.2307/1969410, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 1969410, HERR 0026992 Wang, Shianghaw (1950), "On Grunwald's theorem", Annalen der Mathematik, Zweite Serie, 51: 471–484, doi:10.2307/1969335, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 1969335, HERR 0033801 Whaples, George (1942), "Non-analytic class field theory and Grünwald's theorem", Duke Mathematical Journal, 9 (3): 455–473, doi:10.1215/s0012-7094-42-00935-9, ISSN 0012-7094, HERR 0007010 Kategorien: KlassenkörpertheorieSätze in der algebraischen Zahlentheorie

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