Exponential family

Exponential family (Redirected from Pitman–Koopman–Darmois theorem) Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with the exponential distribution. "Natural parameter" reindirizza qui. For use of this term in differential geometry, see Natural parametrization.

In probability and statistics, an exponential family is a parametric set of probability distributions of a certain form, specified below. This special form is chosen for mathematical convenience, based on some useful algebraic properties, as well as for generality, as exponential families are in a sense very natural sets of distributions to consider. The term exponential class is sometimes used in place of "exponential family",[1] or the older term Koopman–Darmois family. I termini "distribution" e "family" are often used loosely: specifically, an exponential family is a set of distributions, where the specific distribution varies with the parameter;[un] però, a parametric family of distributions is often referred to as "a distribution" (like "the normal distribution", significato "the family of normal distributions"), and the set of all exponential families is sometimes loosely referred to as "il" exponential family. They are distinct because they possess a variety of desirable properties, most importantly the existence of a sufficient statistic.

The concept of exponential families is credited to[2] e. J. G. Pitman,[3] G. Darmois,[4] e B. o. Koopman[5] in 1935–1936. Exponential families of distributions provides a general framework for selecting a possible alternative parameterisation of a parametric family of distributions, in terms of natural parameters, and for defining useful sample statistics, called the natural sufficient statistics of the family.

Contenuti 1 Definizione 1.1 Examples of exponential family distributions 1.2 Scalar parameter 1.3 Factorization of the variables involved 1.4 Vector parameter 1.5 Vector parameter, vector variable 1.6 Measure-theoretic formulation 2 Interpretation 3 Proprietà 4 Esempi 4.1 Normal distribution: unknown mean, known variance 4.2 Normal distribution: unknown mean and unknown variance 4.3 Binomial distribution 5 Table of distributions 6 Moments and cumulants of the sufficient statistic 6.1 Normalization of the distribution 6.2 Moment-generating function of the sufficient statistic 6.2.1 Differential identities for cumulants 6.2.2 Esempio 1 6.2.3 Esempio 2 6.2.4 Esempio 3 7 Entropy 7.1 Relative entropy 7.2 Maximum-entropy derivation 8 Role in statistics 8.1 Classical estimation: sufficiency 8.2 Bayesian estimation: conjugate distributions 8.3 Hypothesis testing: uniformly most powerful tests 8.4 Generalized linear models 9 Guarda anche 10 Note a piè di pagina 11 Riferimenti 11.1 Citazioni 11.2 Fonti 12 Ulteriori letture 13 External links Definition Most of the commonly used distributions form an exponential family or subset of an exponential family, listed in the subsection below. The subsections following it are a sequence of increasingly more general mathematical definitions of an exponential family. A casual reader may wish to restrict attention to the first and simplest definition, which corresponds to a single-parameter family of discrete or continuous probability distributions.

Examples of exponential family distributions Exponential families include many of the most common distributions. Among many others, exponential families includes the following: normal exponential gamma chi-squared beta Dirichlet Bernoulli categorical Poisson Wishart inverse Wishart geometric A number of common distributions are exponential families, but only when certain parameters are fixed and known. Per esempio: binomial (with fixed number of trials) multinomial (with fixed number of trials) negative binomial (with fixed number of failures) Notice that in each case, the parameters which must be fixed determine a limit on the size of observation values.

Examples of common distributions that are not exponential families are Student's t, most mixture distributions, and even the family of uniform distributions when the bounds are not fixed. See the section below on examples for more discussion.

Scalar parameter A single-parameter exponential family is a set of probability distributions whose probability density function (or probability mass function, for the case of a discrete distribution) can be expressed in the form {io}2(xmid theta )=h(X),esp !{io}1,eta (teta )cpunto T(X)-UN(teta ),{io}0} where T(X), h(X), η(io), e A(io) are known functions. The function h(X) must of course be non-negative.

An alternative, equivalent form often given is {simbolo audace {chi }9(xmid theta )=h(X),g(teta ),esp !{simbolo audace {chi }8,eta (teta )cpunto T(X),{simbolo audace {chi }7} o in modo equivalente {simbolo audace {chi }6(xmid theta )=esp !{simbolo audace {chi }5,eta (teta )cpunto T(X)-UN(teta )+B(X),{simbolo audace {chi }4} The value θ is called the parameter of the family.

Inoltre, the support of {simbolo audace {chi }3!sinistra(xmid theta right)} (cioè. the set of all {simbolo audace {chi }2 per cui {simbolo audace {chi }1!sinistra(xmid theta right)} is greater than 0) does not depend on {simbolo audace {chi }0 .[6] This can be used to exclude a parametric family distribution from being an exponential family. Per esempio, the Pareto distribution has a pdf which is defined for {simbolo audace {eta }9} ( {simbolo audace {eta }8} being the scale parameter) and its support, dunque, has a lower limit of {simbolo audace {eta }7} . Since the support of {simbolo audace {eta }6}!(X)} is dependent on the value of the parameter, the family of Pareto distributions does not form an exponential family of distributions (at least when {simbolo audace {eta }5} is unknown).

Often x is a vector of measurements, in which case T(X) may be a function from the space of possible values of x to the real numbers. Più generalmente, η(io) and T(X) can each be vector-valued such that {simbolo audace {eta }4 is real-valued. Tuttavia, see the discussion below on vector parameters, regarding the curved exponential family.

If η(io) = θ, then the exponential family is said to be in canonical form. By defining a transformed parameter η = η(io), it is always possible to convert an exponential family to canonical form. The canonical form is non-unique, since η(io) can be multiplied by any nonzero constant, provided that T(X) is multiplied by that constant's reciprocal, or a constant c can be added to η(io) and h(X) moltiplicato per {simbolo audace {eta }3-ccdot T(X),{simbolo audace {eta }2} to offset it. In the special case that η(io) = θ and T(X) = x then the family is called a natural exponential family.

Even when x is a scalar, and there is only a single parameter, the functions η(io) and T(X) can still be vectors, as described below.

The function A(io), or equivalently g(io), is automatically determined once the other functions have been chosen, since it must assume a form that causes the distribution to be normalized (sum or integrate to one over the entire domain). Inoltre, both of these functions can always be written as functions of η, even when η(io) is not a one-to-one function, cioè. two or more different values of θ map to the same value of η(io), and hence η(io) cannot be inverted. In tal caso, all values of θ mapping to the same η(io) will also have the same value for A(io) e g(io).

Factorization of the variables involved What is important to note, and what characterizes all exponential family variants, is that the parameter(S) and the observation variable(S) must factorize (can be separated into products each of which involves only one type of variable), either directly or within either part (the base or exponent) of an exponentiation operation. Generally, this means that all of the factors constituting the density or mass function must be of one of the following forms: {simbolo audace {eta }1,c^{simbolo audace {eta }0,{[f(X)]}^{non }9,{[g(teta )]}^{non }8,{[f(X)]}^{non }7,{[g(teta )]}^{non }6,{[f(X)]}^{non }5,{non }4}{[g(teta )]}^{non }3,} where f and h are arbitrary functions of x; g and j are arbitrary functions of θ; and c is an arbitrary "constant" expression (cioè. an expression not involving x or θ).

There are further restrictions on how many such factors can occur. Per esempio, the two expressions: {non }2^{non }1,qquad {[f(X)]}^{non }0[g(teta )]^{simbolo audace {eta }9,} sono gli stessi, cioè. a product of two "allowed" factors. Tuttavia, when rewritten into the factorized form, {simbolo audace {eta }8^{simbolo audace {eta }7={[f(X)]}^{simbolo audace {eta }6[g(teta )]^{simbolo audace {eta }5=e^{[h(X)log f(X)]j(teta )+h(X)[j(teta )log g(teta )]},} it can be seen that it cannot be expressed in the required form. (Tuttavia, a form of this sort is a member of a curved exponential family, which allows multiple factorized terms in the exponent.[citazione necessaria]) To see why an expression of the form {simbolo audace {eta }4^{simbolo audace {eta }3} qualifies, {simbolo audace {eta }2^{simbolo audace {eta }1=e^{simbolo audace {eta }0} and hence factorizes inside of the exponent. Allo stesso modo, {rm {T}9^{rm {T}8=e^{rm {T}7=e^{[h(X)log f(X)]g(teta )}} and again factorizes inside of the exponent.

A factor consisting of a sum where both types of variables are involved (per esempio. a factor of the form {rm {T}6 ) cannot be factorized in this fashion (except in some cases where occurring directly in an exponent); this is why, Per esempio, the Cauchy distribution and Student's t distribution are not exponential families.

Vector parameter The definition in terms of one real-number parameter can be extended to one real-vector parameter {rm {T}5}equiv left[,theta _{rm {T}4,,theta _{rm {T}3,,ldot ,,theta _{rm {T}2,Giusto]^{rm {T}1}~.} A family of distributions is said to belong to a vector exponential family if the probability density function (or probability mass function, for discrete distributions) can be written as {rm {T}0(xmid {simbolo audace {chi }9})=h(X),esp a sinistra(somma _{simbolo audace {chi }8^{simbolo audace {chi }7eta _{simbolo audace {chi }6({simbolo audace {chi }5})T_{simbolo audace {chi }4(X)-UN({simbolo audace {chi }3})Giusto)~,} or in a more compact form, {simbolo audace {chi }2(xmid {simbolo audace {chi }1})=h(X),esp {simbolo audace {chi }0{simbolo audace {eta }9}({simbolo audace {eta }8})cdot mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }7 (X)-UN({simbolo audace {eta }6}){simbolo audace {eta }5} This form writes the sum as a dot product of vector-valued functions {simbolo audace {eta }4}({simbolo audace {eta }3})} e {simbolo audace {eta }2 (X),} .

An alternative, equivalent form often seen is {simbolo audace {eta }1(xmid {simbolo audace {eta }0})=h(X),g({n}9}),esp {n}8{n}7}({n}6})cdot mathbf {n}5 (X){n}4} As in the scalar valued case, the exponential family is said to be in canonical form if {n}3({n}2})=teta _{n}1quad forall i,.} A vector exponential family is said to be curved if the dimension of {n}0}equiv left[,theta _{simbolo audace {eta }9,,theta _{simbolo audace {eta }8,,ldot ,,theta _{simbolo audace {eta }7,,Giusto]^{simbolo audace {eta }6}} is less than the dimension of the vector {simbolo audace {eta }5}({simbolo audace {eta }4})equiv left[,eta _{simbolo audace {eta }3({simbolo audace {eta }2}),,eta _{simbolo audace {eta }1({simbolo audace {eta }0}),,ldot ,,eta _{rm {T}9({rm {T}8}),Giusto]^{rm {T}7}~.} Questo è, if the dimension, d, of the parameter vector is less than the number of functions, S, of the parameter vector in the above representation of the probability density function. Most common distributions in the exponential family are not curved, and many algorithms designed to work with any exponential family implicitly or explicitly assume that the distribution is not curved.

As in the above case of a scalar-valued parameter, the function {rm {T}6})} o in modo equivalente {rm {T}5})} is automatically determined once the other functions have been chosen, so that the entire distribution is normalized. Inoltre, come sopra, both of these functions can always be written as functions of {rm {T}4}} , regardless of the form of the transformation that generates {rm {T}3}} da {rm {T}2},} . Hence an exponential family in its "natural form" (parametrized by its natural parameter) looks like {rm {T}1(xmid {rm {T}0})=h(X),esp {io=1}9{io=1}8}cdot mathbf {io=1}7 (X)-UN({io=1}6}){io=1}5} o in modo equivalente {io=1}4(xmid {io=1}3})=h(X),g({io=1}2}),esp {io=1}1{io=1}0}cdot mathbf {n}9 (X){n}8} The above forms may sometimes be seen with {n}7}^{n}6}mathbf {n}5 (X)} in place of {n}4}cdot mathbf {n}3 (X),} . These are exactly equivalent formulations, merely using different notation for the dot product.

Vector parameter, vector variable The vector-parameter form over a single scalar-valued random variable can be trivially expanded to cover a joint distribution over a vector of random variables. The resulting distribution is simply the same as the above distribution for a scalar-valued random variable with each occurrence of the scalar x replaced by the vector {n}2 = sinistra(X_{n}1,X_{n}0,cdot ,X_{T}9Giusto)^{T}8}~.} The dimensions k of the random variable need not match the dimension d of the parameter vector, nor (in the case of a curved exponential function) the dimension s of the natural parameter {T}7}} and sufficient statistic T(X) .

The distribution in this case is written as {T}6!sinistra(mathbf {T}5 metà {T}4}Giusto)=h(mathbf {T}3 ),esp !sinistra(,somma _{T}2^{T}1eta _{T}0({io}9})T_{io}8(mathbf {io}7 )-UN({io}6}),Giusto)} Or more compactly as {io}5!sinistra(,mathbf {io}4 metà {io}3},Giusto)=h(mathbf {io}2 ),esp !{io}1,{io}0}({simbolo audace {eta }9})cdot mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }8 (mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }7 )-UN({simbolo audace {eta }6}),{simbolo audace {eta }5} Or alternatively as {simbolo audace {eta }4!sinistra(,mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }3 metà {simbolo audace {eta }2},Giusto)=g({simbolo audace {eta }1});h(mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }0 ),esp !{non }9,{non }8}({non }7})cdot mathbf {non }6 (mathbf {non }5 ),{non }4} Measure-theoretic formulation We use cumulative distribution functions (CDF) in order to encompass both discrete and continuous distributions.

Suppose H is a non-decreasing function of a real variable. Then Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals with respect to {non }3}H(mathbf {non }2 )} are integrals with respect to the reference measure of the exponential family generated by H .

Any member of that exponential family has cumulative distribution function {non }1}Fleft(,mathbf {non }0 metà {simbolo audace {eta }9},Giusto)=esp {simbolo audace {eta }8,{simbolo audace {eta }7}(teta )cdot mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }6 (mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }5 ),-,UN({simbolo audace {eta }4}),{simbolo audace {eta }3~{simbolo audace {eta }2}H(mathbf {simbolo audace {eta }1 )~.} H(X) is a Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrator for the reference measure. When the reference measure is finite, it can be normalized and H is actually the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution. If F is absolutely continuous with a density {simbolo audace {eta }0 with respect to a reference measure {rm {T}9}X,} (typically Lebesgue measure), si può scrivere {rm {T}8}F(X)=f(X)~{rm {T}7}X,} . In questo caso, H is also absolutely continuous and can be written {rm {T}6}H(X)=h(X),{rm {T}5}X,} so the formulas reduce to that of the previous paragraphs. If F is discrete, then H is a step function (with steps on the support of F).

In alternativa, we can write the probability measure directly as {rm {T}4}mathbf {rm {T}3 metà {rm {T}2},Giusto)=esp {rm {T}1,{rm {T}0}(teta )cdot mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }9 (mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }8 )-UN({simbolo audace {chi }7}),{simbolo audace {chi }6~mu ({simbolo audace {chi }5}mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }4 )~.} for some reference measure {simbolo audace {chi }3 .

Interpretation In the definitions above, the functions T(X), η(io), e A(η) were apparently arbitrarily defined. Tuttavia, these functions play a significant role in the resulting probability distribution.

T(X) is a sufficient statistic of the distribution. For exponential families, the sufficient statistic is a function of the data that holds all information the data x provides with regard to the unknown parameter values. Ciò significa che, for any data sets {simbolo audace {chi }2 e {simbolo audace {chi }1 , the likelihood ratio is the same, questo è {simbolo audace {chi }0)}{simbolo audace {eta }9)}}={simbolo audace {eta }8)}{simbolo audace {eta }7)}}} if T(X) = T(y) . This is true even if x and y are quite distinct – that is, even if {simbolo audace {eta }6 . The dimension of T(X) equals the number of parameters of θ and encompasses all of the information regarding the data related to the parameter θ. The sufficient statistic of a set of independent identically distributed data observations is simply the sum of individual sufficient statistics, and encapsulates all the information needed to describe the posterior distribution of the parameters, given the data (and hence to derive any desired estimate of the parameters). (This important property is discussed further below.) η is called the natural parameter. The set of values of η for which the function {simbolo audace {eta }5(X;eta )} is integrable is called the natural parameter space. It can be shown that the natural parameter space is always convex. UN(η) is called the log-partition function[b] because it is the logarithm of a normalization factor, without which {simbolo audace {eta }4(X;teta )} would not be a probability distribution: {simbolo audace {eta }3h(X),esp(eta (teta )cpunto T(X)),matematica {simbolo audace {eta }2 xdestra)} The function A important in its own right, because the mean, variance and other moments of the sufficient statistic T(X) can be derived simply by differentiating A(η). Per esempio, because log(X) is one of the components of the sufficient statistic of the gamma distribution, {simbolo audace {eta }1} [registro x]} can be easily determined for this distribution using A(η). Technically, this is true because {simbolo audace {eta }0 is the cumulant generating function of the sufficient statistic.

Properties Exponential families have a large number of properties that make them extremely useful for statistical analysis. In many cases, it can be shown that only exponential families have these properties. Esempi: Exponential families are the only families with sufficient statistics that can summarize arbitrary amounts of independent identically distributed data using a fixed number of values. (Pitman–Koopman–Darmois theorem) Exponential families have conjugate priors, an important property in Bayesian statistics. The posterior predictive distribution of an exponential-family random variable with a conjugate prior can always be written in closed form (provided that the normalizing factor of the exponential-family distribution can itself be written in closed form).[c] In the mean-field approximation in variational Bayes (used for approximating the posterior distribution in large Bayesian networks), the best approximating posterior distribution of an exponential-family node (a node is a random variable in the context of Bayesian networks) with a conjugate prior is in the same family as the node.[7] Given an exponential family defined by {nu +n}9(xmid theta )=h(X),esp !{nu +n}8,theta cdot T(X)-UN(teta ),{nu +n}7} , dove {nu +n}6 is the parameter space, tale che {nu +n}5 ^{nu +n}4} . Then If {nu +n}3 has nonempty interior in {nu +n}2 ^{nu +n}1} , then given any IID samples {nu +n}0,...,X_{simbolo audace {eta }9sim f_{simbolo audace {eta }8} , the statistic {simbolo audace {eta }7,...,X_{simbolo audace {eta }6):=somma _{simbolo audace {eta }5^{simbolo audace {eta }4T(X_{simbolo audace {eta }3)} is a complete statistic for {simbolo audace {eta }2 .[8][9] {simbolo audace {eta }1 is a minimal statistic for {simbolo audace {eta }0 iff for all {rm {T}9,theta _{rm {T}8in Theta } , e {rm {T}7,X_{rm {T}6} in the support of {rm {T}5 , Se {rm {T}4-theta _{rm {T}3)cdot (T(X_{rm {T}2)-T(X_{rm {T}1))=0} , poi {rm {T}0=teta _{simbolo audace {chi }9} o {simbolo audace {chi }8=x_{simbolo audace {chi }7} .[10] Examples It is critical, when considering the examples in this section, to remember the discussion above about what it means to say that a "distribution" is an exponential family, and in particular to keep in mind that the set of parameters that are allowed to vary is critical in determining whether a "distribution" is or is not an exponential family.

The normal, esponenziale, log-normal, gamma, chi-squared, beta, Dirichlet, Bernoulli, categorical, Poisson, geometric, inverse Gaussian, von Mises and von Mises-Fisher distributions are all exponential families.

Some distributions are exponential families only if some of their parameters are held fixed. The family of Pareto distributions with a fixed minimum bound xm form an exponential family. The families of binomial and multinomial distributions with fixed number of trials n but unknown probability parameter(S) are exponential families. The family of negative binomial distributions with fixed number of failures (alias. stopping-time parameter) r is an exponential family. Tuttavia, when any of the above-mentioned fixed parameters are allowed to vary, the resulting family is not an exponential family.

As mentioned above, as a general rule, the support of an exponential family must remain the same across all parameter settings in the family. This is why the above cases (per esempio. binomial with varying number of trials, Pareto with varying minimum bound) are not exponential families — in all of the cases, the parameter in question affects the support (in particolar modo, changing the minimum or maximum possible value). For similar reasons, neither the discrete uniform distribution nor continuous uniform distribution are exponential families as one or both bounds vary.

The Weibull distribution with fixed shape parameter k is an exponential family. Unlike in the previous examples, the shape parameter does not affect the support; the fact that allowing it to vary makes the Weibull non-exponential is due rather to the particular form of the Weibull's probability density function (k appears in the exponent of an exponent).

In generale, distributions that result from a finite or infinite mixture of other distributions, per esempio. mixture model densities and compound probability distributions, are not exponential families. Examples are typical Gaussian mixture models as well as many heavy-tailed distributions that result from compounding (cioè. infinitely mixing) a distribution with a prior distribution over one of its parameters, per esempio. the Student's t-distribution (compounding a normal distribution over a gamma-distributed precision prior), and the beta-binomial and Dirichlet-multinomial distributions. Other examples of distributions that are not exponential families are the F-distribution, Cauchy distribution, hypergeometric distribution and logistic distribution.

Following are some detailed examples of the representation of some useful distribution as exponential families.

Normal distribution: unknown mean, known variance As a first example, consider a random variable distributed normally with unknown mean μ and known variance σ2. The probability density function is then {simbolo audace {chi }6(X;in )={simbolo audace {chi }5{simbolo audace {chi }4}}}e^{-(x-noi )^{simbolo audace {chi }3/(2sigma ^{simbolo audace {chi }2)}.} This is a single-parameter exponential family, as can be seen by setting {simbolo audace {chi }1h_{simbolo audace {chi }0(X)&={io=1}9{io=1}8}}}e^{-x^{io=1}7/(2sigma ^{io=1}6)}\[4pt]T_{io=1}5(X)&={io=1}4{io=1}3}\[4pt]UN_{io=1}2(in )&={io=1}1}{io=1}0}}\[4pt]eta _{n}9(in )&={n}8{n}7}.fine{n}6}} If σ = 1 this is in canonical form, as then η(m) = μ.

Normal distribution: unknown mean and unknown variance Next, consider the case of a normal distribution with unknown mean and unknown variance. The probability density function is then {n}5{n}4}}}e^{-(y-mu )^{n}3/2sigma ^{n}2}.} This is an exponential family which can be written in canonical form by defining {n}1{n}0}&=left[,{T}9{T}8}},~-{T}7{T}6}},Giusto]\h(y)&={T}5{T}4}}\T(y)&=left(y,si^{T}3Giusto)^{T}2}\UN({T}1})&={T}0}{io}9}}+tronco d'albero |sigma |=-{io}8^{io}7}{io}6}}+{io}5{io}4}registro a sinistra|{io}3{io}2}}Giusto|fine{io}1}} Binomial distribution As an example of a discrete exponential family, consider the binomial distribution with known number of trials n. The probability mass function for this distribution is {io}0p^{allineato}9(1-p)^{allineato}8,quad xin {allineato}7.} This can equivalently be written as {allineato}6esp a sinistra(xlog left({allineato}5{allineato}4}Giusto)+nlog(1-p)Giusto),} which shows that the binomial distribution is an exponential family, whose natural parameter is {allineato}3{allineato}2}.} This function of p is known as logit.

Table of distributions The following table shows how to rewrite a number of common distributions as exponential-family distributions with natural parameters. Refer to the flashcards[11] for main exponential families.

For a scalar variable and scalar parameter, the form is as follows: {allineato}1(xmid theta )=h(X)esp {allineato}0eta ({stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }9)T(X)-UN({stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }8){stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }7} For a scalar variable and vector parameter: {stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }6(xmid {stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }5})=h(X)esp {stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }4{stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }3}({stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }2})cdot mathbf {stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }1 (X)-UN({stile di visualizzazione p({simbolo audace {eta }0}){X}9} {X}8(xmid {X}7})=h(X)g({X}6})esp {X}5{X}4}({X}3})cdot mathbf {X}2 (X){X}1} For a vector variable and vector parameter: {X}0(mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }9 metà {simbolo audace {chi }8})=h(mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }7 )esp {simbolo audace {chi }6{simbolo audace {chi }5}({simbolo audace {chi }4})cdot mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }3 (mathbf {simbolo audace {chi }2 )-UN({simbolo audace {chi }1}){simbolo audace {chi }0} The above formulas choose the functional form of the exponential-family with a log-partition function {pi }9})} . The reason for this is so that the moments of the sufficient statistics can be calculated easily, simply by differentiating this function. Alternative forms involve either parameterizing this function in terms of the normal parameter {pi }8}} instead of the natural parameter, and/or using a factor {pi }7})} outside of the exponential. The relation between the latter and the former is: {pi }6})=-log g({pi }5})} {pi }4})=e^{-UN({pi }3})}} To convert between the representations involving the two types of parameter, use the formulas below for writing one type of parameter in terms of the other.

Distribution Parameter(S) {pi }2}} Natural parameter(S) {pi }1}} Inverse parameter mapping Base measure {pi }0 Sufficient statistic {simbolo audace {eta }9 Log-partition {simbolo audace {eta }8})} Log-partition {simbolo audace {eta }7})} Bernoulli distribution {simbolo audace {eta }6 {simbolo audace {eta }5{simbolo audace {eta }4}} This is the logit function. {simbolo audace {eta }3{simbolo audace {eta }2}}={simbolo audace {eta }1}{simbolo audace {eta }0}}} This is the logistic function. {simbolo audace {chi }9 {simbolo audace {chi }8 {simbolo audace {chi }7)} {simbolo audace {chi }6 binomial distribution with known number of trials {simbolo audace {chi }5 {simbolo audace {chi }4 {simbolo audace {chi }3{simbolo audace {chi }2}} {simbolo audace {chi }1{simbolo audace {chi }0}}={io=1}9}{io=1}8}}} {io=1}7} {io=1}6 {io=1}5)} {io=1}4 Poisson distribution {io=1}3 {io=1}2 {io=1}1} {io=1}0{n}9}} {n}8 {n}7} {n}6 negative binomial distribution with known number of failures {n}5 {n}4 {n}3 {n}2} {n}1} {n}0 {T}9)} {T}8 exponential distribution {T}7 {T}6 {T}5 {T}4 {T}3 {T}2 {T}1 Pareto distribution with known minimum value {T}0} {io}9 {io}8 {io}7 {io}6 {io}5 {io}4 }} {io}3 }} Weibull distribution with known shape k {io}2 {io}1{io}0}}} {displaystyle mathbf {T}9{displaystyle mathbf {T}8}}} {displaystyle mathbf {T}7} {displaystyle mathbf {T}6} {displaystyle mathbf {T}5 {displaystyle mathbf {T}4 Laplace distribution with known mean {displaystyle mathbf {T}3 {displaystyle mathbf {T}2 {displaystyle mathbf {T}1{displaystyle mathbf {T}0}} {X}9{X}8}} {X}7 {X}6 {X}5{X}4}Giusto)} {X}3 chi-squared distribution {X}2 {X}1{X}0}-1} {io=1}9 {io=1}8{io=1}7}}} {io=1}6 {io=1}5 {io=1}4{io=1}3}Giusto)+{io=1}2{io=1}1}tronco d'albero 2} normal distribution known variance {io=1}0 {n}9{n}8}} {n}7 {n}6}{n}5}}}}{{n}4}sigma }}} {n}3{n}2}} {n}1}{n}0}} {T}9}{T}8}}} continuous Bernoulli distribution {T}7 {T}6{T}5}} {T}4}{T}3}}} {T}2 {T}1 {T}0-1}{io}9}} {io}8{(1-lambda )registro a sinistra({io}7{io}6}Giusto)}}Giusto)} normal distribution {io}5} {io}4{io}3{io}2}}\[10pt]-{io}1{io}0}}fine{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }9}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }8-{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }7}{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }6}}\[15pt]-{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }5{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }4}}fine{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }3}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }2{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }1}}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }0x\x^{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}9fine{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}8}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}7^{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}6}{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}5}}-{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}4{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}3}tronco d'albero(-2eta _{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}2)} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}1}{stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}0}}+log sigma } log-normal distribution {simbolo audace {chi }9} {simbolo audace {chi }8{simbolo audace {chi }7{simbolo audace {chi }6}}\[10pt]-{simbolo audace {chi }5{simbolo audace {chi }4}}fine{simbolo audace {chi }3}} {simbolo audace {chi }2-{simbolo audace {chi }1}{simbolo audace {chi }0}}\[15pt]-{simbolo audace {chi }9{simbolo audace {chi }8}}fine{simbolo audace {chi }7}} {simbolo audace {chi }6{{simbolo audace {chi }5}X}}} {simbolo audace {chi }4log x\(registro x)^{simbolo audace {chi }3fine{simbolo audace {chi }2}} {simbolo audace {chi }1^{simbolo audace {chi }0}{T}9}}-{T}8{T}7}tronco d'albero(-2eta _{T}6)} {T}5}{T}4}}+log sigma } inverse Gaussian distribution {T}3 {T}2-{T}1{T}0}}\[15pt]-{X}9{X}8}fine{X}7}} {X}6{X}5}{X}4}}}\[15pt]-2eta _{X}3fine{X}2}} {X}1{{X}0}x^{simbolo audace {chi }9{simbolo audace {chi }8}}}} {simbolo audace {chi }7x\[5pt]{simbolo audace {chi }6{simbolo audace {chi }5}fine{simbolo audace {chi }4}} {simbolo audace {chi }3eta _{simbolo audace {chi }2}}-{simbolo audace {chi }1{simbolo audace {chi }0}tronco d'albero(-2eta _{io=1}9)} {io=1}8{io=1}7}-{io=1}6{io=1}5}log lambda } gamma distribution {io=1}4 {io=1}3alpha -1\-beta end{io=1}2}} {io=1}1eta _{io=1}0+1\-eta _{n}9fine{n}8}} {n}7 {n}6log x\xend{n}5}} {n}4+1)-(eta _{n}3+1)tronco d'albero(-eta _{n}2)} {n}1 {n}0 {T}9k-1\[5pt]-{T}8{T}7}fine{T}6}} {T}5eta _{T}4+1\[5pt]-{T}3{T}2}}fine{T}1}} {T}0 inverse gamma distribution {io}9 {io}8-alpha -1\-beta end{io}7}} {io}6-eta _{io}5-1\-eta _{io}4fine{io}3}} {io}2 {io}1log x\{io}0{allineato}9}fine{allineato}8}} {allineato}7-1)-(-eta _{allineato}6-1)tronco d'albero(-eta _{allineato}5)} {allineato}4 generalized inverse Gaussian distribution {allineato}3 {allineato}2p-1\-a/2\-b/2end{allineato}1}} {allineato}0eta _{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }9+1\-2eta _{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }8\-2eta _{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }7fine{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }6}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }5 {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }4log x\x\{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }3{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }2}fine{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }1}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }0+1}({stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }9eta _{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }8}})-{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }7+1}{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }6}tronco d'albero {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }5}{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }4}}} {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }3({stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }2})-{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }1{stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {teta }0}log .latex_thm, .latex_lem, .latex_cor, .latex_defn, .latex_prop, .latex_rem{ margin:0;padding:5px; background: lightcyan; border: solid 3px green; -moz-border-radius: 1.0em; -webkit-border-radius: 7px; box-shadow: 0 0 0 verde;}.latex_em{ font-style: italic;}.bibtex_title{ font-weight:bold; colore: #004b33;}a.bibtex_title{ text-decoration: nessuno;}.latex_proof::after{ content: "\220e"; colore: gray; text-align: Giusto; display: bloccare; font-size: 1.2em;}9.latex_thm, .latex_lem, .latex_cor, .latex_defn, .latex_prop, .latex_rem{ margin:0;padding:5px; background: lightcyan; border: solid 3px green; -moz-border-radius: 1.0em; -webkit-border-radius: 7px; box-shadow: 0 0 0 verde;}.latex_em{ font-style: italic;}.bibtex_title{ font-weight:bold; colore: #004b33;}a.bibtex_title{ text-decoration: nessuno;}.latex_proof::after{ content: "\220e"; colore: gray; text-align: Giusto; display: bloccare; font-size: 1.2em;}8}} scaled inverse chi-squared distribution .latex_thm, .latex_lem, .latex_cor, .latex_defn, .latex_prop, .latex_rem{ 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"Teoremi spiegati e risolti" , "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://elteoremadecuales.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/cropped-elteoremadecuales-e1659971597276.png" } }, "datePublished": "2021-11-28 09:46", "dateModified": "2021-11-28 09:46"}09}8}_7^{-1}6}_5\[5pt]-43}2}_1^{-1}end0}} 98}}} 7mathbf 6 \[5pt]mathbf 5 mathbf 4 ^3}end2}} 10}/* */9}_/* */8^/* */7}/* */6}_/* */5^{-1}/* */4}_/* */3-/* */2/* */1}registro a sinistra|-2/* */0}_9right|} 87}6}^5}4}^{-1}3}+21}tronco d'albero |0}|} categorical distribution (variant 1) 9, ldot ,,p_8} where 7^6p_5=1} 4log p_3\vdots \log p_2end1}} 0e^9}\vdots \e^8}end7}} where 6^5e^4}=1} 3 2[x=1]\vdots \{[x=k]}end1}} 0 is the Iverson bracket* 9 8 categorical distribution (variant 2) 7, ldot ,,p_6} where 5^4p_3=1} 2log p_1+C\vdots \log p_0+Cend9}} 876}e^5}\vdots \43}e^2}end1}=} 09}}8^7e^6}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]5}}4^3e^2}}}end1}} where 0^9e^8}=C} 7 6[x=1]\vdots \{[x=k]}end5}} 4 is the Iverson bracket* 3 2 categorical distribution (variant 3) 1, ldot ,,p_0} where 9=1-textstyle sum _8^7p_6} 5tronco d'albero 4}3}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]tronco d'albero 2}1}}\[15pt]0end0}=} 9tronco d'albero 8}7^6p_5}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]tronco d'albero 4}3^2p_1}}\[15pt]0fine0}} This is the inverse softmax function, a generalization of the logit function. El peso se redujo un 1.85% 9El peso se redujo un 1.85% 8}}El peso se redujo un 1.85% 7^El peso se redujo un 1.85% 6e^El peso se redujo un 1.85% 5}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]El peso se redujo un 1.85% 4}}El peso se redujo un 1.85% 3^El peso se redujo un 1.85% 2e^El peso se redujo un 1.85% 1}}}endEl peso se redujo un 1.85% 0}=} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}{dfrac {e^{eta _{1}}}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]{dfrac {e^{eta _{k-1}}}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[15pt]{dfrac {1}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}fine{bmatrice}}} This is the softmax function, a generalization of the logistic function. {stile di visualizzazione 1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}[x=1]\vdots \{[x=k]}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione [x=i]} is the Iverson bracket* {displaystyle log left(somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}Giusto)=log left(1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}Giusto)} {displaystyle -log p_{K}=-log left(1-somma _{io=1}^{k-1}p_{io}Giusto)} multinomial distribution (variant 1) with known number of trials {stile di visualizzazione n} {stile di visualizzazione p_{1}, ldot ,,p_{K}} dove {displaystyle textstyle sum _{io=1}^{K}p_{io}=1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}log p_{1}\vdots \log p_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}e^{eta _{1}}\vdots \e^{eta _{K}}fine{bmatrice}}} dove {displaystyle textstyle sum _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}=1} {stile di visualizzazione {frac {n!}{pungolo _{io=1}^{K}X_{io}!}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}X_{1}\vdots \x_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione 0} {stile di visualizzazione 0} multinomial distribution (variant 2) with known number of trials {stile di visualizzazione n} {stile di visualizzazione p_{1}, ldot ,,p_{K}} dove {displaystyle textstyle sum _{io=1}^{K}p_{io}=1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}log p_{1}+C\vdots \log p_{K}+Cend{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}{dfrac {1}{C}}e^{eta _{1}}\vdots \{dfrac {1}{C}}e^{eta _{K}}fine{bmatrice}}=} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}{dfrac {e^{eta _{1}}}{somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]{dfrac {e^{eta _{K}}}{somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}}}fine{bmatrice}}} dove {displaystyle textstyle sum _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}=C} {stile di visualizzazione {frac {n!}{pungolo _{io=1}^{K}X_{io}!}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}X_{1}\vdots \x_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione 0} {stile di visualizzazione 0} multinomial distribution (variant 3) with known number of trials {stile di visualizzazione n} {stile di visualizzazione p_{1}, ldot ,,p_{K}} dove {stile di visualizzazione p_{K}=1-textstyle sum _{io=1}^{k-1}p_{io}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}tronco d'albero {dfrac {p_{1}}{p_{K}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]tronco d'albero {dfrac {p_{k-1}}{p_{K}}}\[15pt]0fine{bmatrice}}=} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}tronco d'albero {dfrac {p_{1}}{1-somma _{io=1}^{k-1}p_{io}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]tronco d'albero {dfrac {p_{k-1}}{1-somma _{io=1}^{k-1}p_{io}}}\[15pt]0fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}{dfrac {e^{eta _{1}}}{somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]{dfrac {e^{eta _{K}}}{somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}}}fine{bmatrice}}=} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}{dfrac {e^{eta _{1}}}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[10pt]vdots \[5pt]{dfrac {e^{eta _{k-1}}}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}\[15pt]{dfrac {1}{1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}}}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {frac {n!}{pungolo _{io=1}^{K}X_{io}!}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}X_{1}\vdots \x_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {displaystyle nlog left(somma _{io=1}^{K}e^{eta _{io}}Giusto)=nlog left(1+somma _{io=1}^{k-1}e^{eta _{io}}Giusto)} {displaystyle -nlog p_{K}=-nlog left(1-somma _{io=1}^{k-1}p_{io}Giusto)} Dirichlet distribution (variant 1) {displaystyle alfa _{1}, ldot ,,alfa _{K}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}alfa _{1}\vdots \alpha _{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}eta _{1}\vdots \eta _{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {frac {1}{pungolo _{io=1}^{K}X_{io}}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}log x_{1}\vdots \log x_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}log Gamma (eta _{io})-log Gamma left(somma _{io=1}^{K}eta _{io}Giusto)} {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}log Gamma (alfa _{io})-log Gamma left(somma _{io=1}^{K}alfa _{io}Giusto)} Dirichlet distribution (variant 2) {displaystyle alfa _{1}, ldot ,,alfa _{K}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}alfa _{1}-1\vdots \alpha _{K}-1fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}eta _{1}+1\vdots \eta _{K}+1fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione 1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}log x_{1}\vdots \log x_{K}fine{bmatrice}}} {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}log Gamma (eta _{io}+1)-log Gamma left(somma _{io=1}^{K}(eta _{io}+1)Giusto)} {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}log Gamma (alfa _{io})-log Gamma left(somma _{io=1}^{K}alfa _{io}Giusto)} Wishart distribution {displaystyle mathbf {V} , n} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}-{frac {1}{2}}mathbf {V} ^{-1}\[5pt]{dfrac {n-p-1}{2}}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}-{frac {1}{2}}{{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}}^{-1}\[5pt]2eta _{2}+p+1end{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione 1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}mathbf {X} \tronco d'albero |mathbf {X} |fine{bmatrice}}} {displaystyle -left(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|} {displaystyle +log Gamma _{p}sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)=} {stile di visualizzazione -{frac {n}{2}}tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {n}{2}}Giusto)=} {stile di visualizzazione a sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)(plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |)} {displaystyle +log Gamma _{p}sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)} Three variants with different parameterizations are given, to facilitate computing moments of the sufficient statistics. {stile di visualizzazione {frac {n}{2}}(plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |)+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {n}{2}}Giusto)} Nota: Uses the fact that {stile di visualizzazione {rm {tr}}(mathbf {UN} ^{matematica {T}}mathbf {B} )=nome operatore {vec} (mathbf {UN} )cdot operatorname {vec} (mathbf {B} ),} cioè. the trace of a matrix product is much like a dot product. The matrix parameters are assumed to be vectorized (laid out in a vector) when inserted into the exponential form. Anche, {displaystyle mathbf {V} } e {displaystyle mathbf {X} } are symmetric, so e.g. {displaystyle mathbf {V} ^{matematica {T}}=mathbf {V} .} inverse Wishart distribution {displaystyle mathbf {Psi } ,,m} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}-{frac {1}{2}}{simbolo audace {Psi }}\[5pt]-{dfrac {m+p+1}{2}}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}-2{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}\[5pt]-(2eta _{2}+p+1)fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione 1} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}mathbf {X} ^{-1}\tronco d'albero |mathbf {X} |fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione a sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|} {displaystyle +log Gamma _{p}sinistra(-{Grande (}eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}{Grande )}Giusto)=} {stile di visualizzazione -{frac {m}{2}}tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {m}{2}}Giusto)=} {displaystyle -left(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)(plog 2-log |{simbolo audace {Psi }}|)} {displaystyle +log Gamma _{p}sinistra(-{Grande (}eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}{Grande )}Giusto)} {stile di visualizzazione {frac {m}{2}}(plog 2-log |{simbolo audace {Psi }}|)+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {m}{2}}Giusto)} normal-gamma distribution {displaystyle alfa , beta , in , lambda } {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}alfa -{frac {1}{2}}\-beta -{dfrac {lambda mu ^{2}}{2}}\lambda mu \-{dfrac {lambda }{2}}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}eta _{1}+{frac {1}{2}}\-eta _{2}+{dfrac {eta _{3}^{2}}{4eta _{4}}}\-{dfrac {eta _{3}}{2eta _{4}}}\-2eta _{4}fine{bmatrice}}} {stile di visualizzazione {dfrac {1}{mq {2pi }}}} {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{bmatrice}log tau \tau \tau x\tau x^{2}fine{bmatrice}}} {displaystyle log Gamma left(eta _{1}+{frac {1}{2}}Giusto)-{frac {1}{2}}registro a sinistra(-2eta _{4}Giusto)} {displaystyle -left(eta _{1}+{frac {1}{2}}Giusto)registro a sinistra(-eta _{2}+{dfrac {eta _{3}^{2}}{4eta _{4}}}Giusto)} {displaystyle log Gamma left(alpha right)-alpha log beta -{frac {1}{2}}log lambda } * The Iverson bracket is a generalization of the discrete delta-function: If the bracketed expression is true, the bracket has value 1; if the enclosed statement is false, the Iverson bracket is zero. There are many variant notations, per esempio. wavey brackets: ⧙a=b⧘ is equivalent to the [a=b] notation used above.

The three variants of the categorical distribution and multinomial distribution are due to the fact that the parameters {stile di visualizzazione p_{io}} are constrained, tale che {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}p_{io}=1~.} così, there are only {stile di visualizzazione k-1} independent parameters.

Variante 1 uses {stile di visualizzazione k} natural parameters with a simple relation between the standard and natural parameters; però, solo {stile di visualizzazione k-1} of the natural parameters are independent, and the set of {stile di visualizzazione k} natural parameters is nonidentifiable. The constraint on the usual parameters translates to a similar constraint on the natural parameters. Variante 2 demonstrates the fact that the entire set of natural parameters is nonidentifiable: Adding any constant value to the natural parameters has no effect on the resulting distribution. Tuttavia, by using the constraint on the natural parameters, the formula for the normal parameters in terms of the natural parameters can be written in a way that is independent on the constant that is added. Variante 3 shows how to make the parameters identifiable in a convenient way by setting {displaystyle C=-log p_{K} .} This effectively "pivots" intorno a {stile di visualizzazione p_{K}} and causes the last natural parameter to have the constant value of 0. All the remaining formulas are written in a way that does not access {stile di visualizzazione p_{K} } , so that effectively the model has only {stile di visualizzazione k-1} parameters, both of the usual and natural kind.

Variants 1 e 2 are not actually standard exponential families at all. Rather they are curved exponential families, cioè. ci sono {stile di visualizzazione k-1} independent parameters embedded in a {stile di visualizzazione k} -dimensional parameter space.[12] Many of the standard results for exponential families do not apply to curved exponential families. An example is the log-partition function {stile di visualizzazione A(X) } , which has the value of 0 in the curved cases. In standard exponential families, the derivatives of this function correspond to the moments (more technically, the cumulants) of the sufficient statistics, per esempio. the mean and variance. Tuttavia, a value of 0 suggests that the mean and variance of all the sufficient statistics are uniformly 0, whereas in fact the mean of the {stile di visualizzazione i} th sufficient statistic should be {stile di visualizzazione p_{io} } . (This does emerge correctly when using the form of {stile di visualizzazione A(X) } shown in variant 3.) Moments and cumulants of the sufficient statistic Normalization of the distribution We start with the normalization of the probability distribution. In generale, any non-negative function f(X) that serves as the kernel of a probability distribution (the part encoding all dependence on x) can be made into a proper distribution by normalizing: cioè.

{stile di visualizzazione p(X)={frac {1}{Z}}f(X)} dove {displaystyle Z=int _{X}f(X),dx.} The factor Z is sometimes termed the normalizer or partition function, based on an analogy to statistical physics.

In the case of an exponential family where {stile di visualizzazione p(X;{simbolo audace {eta }})=g({simbolo audace {eta }})h(X)e^{{simbolo audace {eta }}cdot mathbf {T} (X)},} the kernel is {stile di visualizzazione K(X)=h(X)e^{{simbolo audace {eta }}cdot mathbf {T} (X)}} and the partition function is {displaystyle Z=int _{X}h(X)e^{{simbolo audace {eta }}cdot mathbf {T} (X)},dx.} Since the distribution must be normalized, noi abbiamo {displaystyle 1=int _{X}g({simbolo audace {eta }})h(X)e^{{simbolo audace {eta }}cdot mathbf {T} (X)},dx=g({simbolo audace {eta }})int _{X}h(X)e^{{simbolo audace {eta }}cdot mathbf {T} (X)},dx=g({simbolo audace {eta }})Z.} In altre parole, {stile di visualizzazione g({simbolo audace {eta }})={frac {1}{Z}}} o in modo equivalente {stile di visualizzazione A({simbolo audace {eta }})=-log g({simbolo audace {eta }})=log Z.} This justifies calling A the log-normalizer or log-partition function.

Moment-generating function of the sufficient statistic Now, the moment-generating function of T(X) è {stile di visualizzazione M_{T}(tu)equiv E[e^{u^{superiore }T(X)}mid eta ]=int _{X}h(X)e^{(eta +u)^{superiore }T(X)-UN(eta )},dx=e^{UN(eta +u)-UN(eta )}} proving the earlier statement that {stile di visualizzazione K(umid eta )= A(eta +u)-UN(eta )} is the cumulant generating function for T.

An important subclass of exponential families are the natural exponential families, which have a similar form for the moment-generating function for the distribution of x.

Differential identities for cumulants In particular, using the properties of the cumulant generating function, {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {e} (T_{j})={frac {partial A(eta )}{partial eta _{j}}}} e {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {cov} sinistra(T_{io}, T_{j}Giusto)={frac {parziale ^{2}UN(eta )}{partial eta _{io},partial eta _{j}}}.} The first two raw moments and all mixed second moments can be recovered from these two identities. Higher-order moments and cumulants are obtained by higher derivatives. This technique is often useful when T is a complicated function of the data, whose moments are difficult to calculate by integration.

Another way to see this that does not rely on the theory of cumulants is to begin from the fact that the distribution of an exponential family must be normalized, and differentiate. We illustrate using the simple case of a one-dimensional parameter, but an analogous derivation holds more generally.

In the one-dimensional case, noi abbiamo {stile di visualizzazione p(X)=g(eta )h(X)e^{eta T(X)}.} This must be normalized, Così {displaystyle 1=int _{X}p(X),dx=int _{X}g(eta )h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx=g(eta )int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx.} Take the derivative of both sides with respect to η: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}0&=g(eta ){frac {d}{deta }}int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx+g'(eta )int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx\&=g(eta )int _{X}h(X)sinistra({frac {d}{deta }}e^{eta T(X)}Giusto),dx+g'(eta )int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx\&=g(eta )int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)}T(X),dx+g'(eta )int _{X}h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx\&=int _{X}T(X)g(eta )h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx+{frac {g'(eta )}{g(eta )}}int _{X}g(eta )h(X)e^{eta T(X)},dx\&=int _{X}T(X)p(X),dx+{frac {g'(eta )}{g(eta )}}int _{X}p(X),dx\&=operatorname {e} [T(X)]+{frac {g'(eta )}{g(eta )}}\&=operatorname {e} [T(X)]+{frac {d}{deta }}log g(eta )fine{allineato}}} Perciò, {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {e} [T(X)]=-{frac {d}{deta }}log g(eta )={frac {d}{deta }}UN(eta ).} Esempio 1 As an introductory example, consider the gamma distribution, whose distribution is defined by {stile di visualizzazione p(X)={frac {beta ^{alfa }}{Gamma (alfa )}}x^{alfa -1}e^{-beta x}.} Referring to the above table, we can see that the natural parameter is given by {displaystyle eta _{1}=alpha -1,} {displaystyle eta _{2}=-beta ,} the reverse substitutions are {displaystyle alpha =eta _{1}+1,} {displaystyle beta =-eta _{2},} the sufficient statistics are {stile di visualizzazione (registro x,X),} and the log-partition function is {stile di visualizzazione A(eta _{1},eta _{2})=log Gamma (eta _{1}+1)-(eta _{1}+1)tronco d'albero(-eta _{2}).} We can find the mean of the sufficient statistics as follows. Primo, for η1: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}nome operatore {e} [registro x]&={frac {partial A(eta _{1},eta _{2})}{partial eta _{1}}}={frac {parziale }{partial eta _{1}}}sinistra(log Gamma (eta _{1}+1)-(eta _{1}+1)tronco d'albero(-eta _{2})Giusto)\&=psi (eta _{1}+1)-tronco d'albero(-eta _{2})\&=psi (alfa )-log beta ,fine{allineato}}} Dove {stile di visualizzazione psi (X)} is the digamma function (derivative of log gamma), and we used the reverse substitutions in the last step.

Adesso, for η2: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}nome operatore {e} [X]&={frac {partial A(eta _{1},eta _{2})}{partial eta _{2}}}={frac {parziale }{partial eta _{2}}}sinistra(log Gamma (eta _{1}+1)-(eta _{1}+1)tronco d'albero(-eta _{2})Giusto)\&=-(eta _{1}+1){frac {1}{-eta _{2}}}(-1)={frac {eta _{1}+1}{-eta _{2}}}\&={frac {alfa }{beta }},fine{allineato}}} again making the reverse substitution in the last step.

To compute the variance of x, we just differentiate again: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}nome operatore {Var} (X)&={frac {parziale ^{2}Aleft(eta _{1},eta _{2}Giusto)}{partial eta _{2}^{2}}}={frac {parziale }{partial eta _{2}}}{frac {eta _{1}+1}{-eta _{2}}}\&={frac {eta _{1}+1}{eta _{2}^{2}}}\&={frac {alfa }{beta ^{2}}}.fine{allineato}}} All of these calculations can be done using integration, making use of various properties of the gamma function, but this requires significantly more work.

Esempio 2 As another example consider a real valued random variable X with density {stile di visualizzazione p_{teta }(X)={frac {theta e^{-X}}{sinistra(1+e^{-X}Giusto)^{teta +1}}}} indexed by shape parameter {displaystyle theta in (0,infty )} (this is called the skew-logistic distribution). The density can be rewritten as {stile di visualizzazione {frac {e^{-X}}{1+e^{-X}}}esp a sinistra(-theta log left(1+e^{-X}Giusto)+tronco d'albero(teta )Giusto)} Notice this is an exponential family with natural parameter {displaystyle eta =-theta ,} sufficient statistic {displaystyle T=log left(1+e^{-X}Giusto),} and log-partition function {stile di visualizzazione A(eta )=-log(teta )=-log(-eta )} So using the first identity, {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {e} (tronco d'albero(1+e^{-X}))=nome operatore {e} (T)={frac {partial A(eta )}{partial eta }}={frac {parziale }{partial eta }}[-tronco d'albero(-eta )]={frac {1}{-eta }}={frac {1}{teta }},} and using the second identity {nome dell'operatore dello stile di visualizzazione {var} (registro a sinistra(1+e^{-X}Giusto))={frac {parziale ^{2}UN(eta )}{partial eta ^{2}}}={frac {parziale }{partial eta }}sinistra[{frac {1}{-eta }}Giusto]={frac {1}{(-eta )^{2}}}={frac {1}{theta ^{2}}}.} This example illustrates a case where using this method is very simple, but the direct calculation would be nearly impossible.

Esempio 3 The final example is one where integration would be extremely difficult. This is the case of the Wishart distribution, which is defined over matrices. Even taking derivatives is a bit tricky, as it involves matrix calculus, but the respective identities are listed in that article.

From the above table, we can see that the natural parameter is given by {stile di visualizzazione {simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}=-{frac {1}{2}}mathbf {V} ^{-1},} {displaystyle eta _{2}={frac {n-p-1}{2}},} the reverse substitutions are {displaystyle mathbf {V} =-{frac {1}{2}}{{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}}^{-1},} {displaystyle n=2eta _{2}+p+1,} and the sufficient statistics are {stile di visualizzazione (mathbf {X} ,tronco d'albero |mathbf {X} |).} The log-partition function is written in various forms in the table, to facilitate differentiation and back-substitution. We use the following forms: {stile di visualizzazione A({simbolo audace {eta }}_{1},n)=-{frac {n}{2}}tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {n}{2}}Giusto),} {stile di visualizzazione A(mathbf {V} ,eta _{2})= sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)(plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |)+log Gamma _{p}sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto).} Expectation of X (associated with η1) To differentiate with respect to η1, we need the following matrix calculus identity: {stile di visualizzazione {frac {partial log |amathbf {X} |}{matematica parziale {X} }}=(mathbf {X} ^{-1})^{rm {T}}} Quindi: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}nome operatore {e} [mathbf {X} ]&={frac {partial Aleft({simbolo audace {eta }}_{1},cdot a destra)}{parziale {simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}}}\&={frac {parziale }{parziale {simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}}}sinistra[-{frac {n}{2}}tronco d'albero |-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}|+log Gamma _{p}sinistra({frac {n}{2}}Giusto)Giusto]\&=-{frac {n}{2}}({simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}^{-1})^{rm {T}}\&={frac {n}{2}}(-{simbolo audace {eta }}_{1}^{-1})^{rm {T}}\&=n(mathbf {V} )^{rm {T}}\&=nmathbf {V} fine{allineato}}} The last line uses the fact that V is symmetric, and therefore it is the same when transposed.

Expectation of log |X| (associated with η2) Adesso, for η2, we first need to expand the part of the log-partition function that involves the multivariate gamma function: {displaystyle log Gamma _{p}(un)=log left(pi ^{frac {p(p-1)}{4}}pungolo _{j=1}^{p}Gamma a sinistra(a+{frac {1-j}{2}}Giusto)Giusto)={frac {p(p-1)}{4}}log pi +sum _{j=1}^{p}log Gamma left[a+{frac {1-j}{2}}Giusto]} We also need the digamma function: {stile di visualizzazione psi (X)={frac {d}{dx}}log Gamma (X).} Quindi: {stile di visualizzazione {inizio{allineato}nome operatore {e} [tronco d'albero |mathbf {X} |]&={frac {partial Aleft(ldot ,eta _{2}Giusto)}{partial eta _{2}}}\&={frac {parziale }{partial eta _{2}}}sinistra[-sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)(plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |)+log Gamma _{p}sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)Giusto]\&={frac {parziale }{partial eta _{2}}}sinistra[sinistra(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}Giusto)(plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |)+{frac {p(p-1)}{4}}log pi +sum _{j=1}^{p}log Gamma left(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}+{frac {1-j}{2}}Giusto)Giusto]\&=plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |+somma _{j=1}^{p}psi left(eta _{2}+{frac {p+1}{2}}+{frac {1-j}{2}}Giusto)\&=plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |+somma _{j=1}^{p}psi left({frac {n-p-1}{2}}+{frac {p+1}{2}}+{frac {1-j}{2}}Giusto)\&=plog 2+log |mathbf {V} |+somma _{j=1}^{p}psi left({frac {n+1-j}{2}}Giusto)fine{allineato}}} This latter formula is listed in the Wishart distribution article. Both of these expectations are needed when deriving the variational Bayes update equations in a Bayes network involving a Wishart distribution (which is the conjugate prior of the multivariate normal distribution).