Erdős–Gallai theorem

Erdős–Gallai theorem The Erdős–Gallai theorem is a result in graph theory, a branch of combinatorial mathematics. It provides one of two known approaches to solving the graph realization problem, cioè. it gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite sequence of natural numbers to be the degree sequence of a simple graph. A sequence obeying these conditions is called "graphic". The theorem was published in 1960 by Paul Erdős and Tibor Gallai, da cui prende il nome.

Contenuti 1 Dichiarazione 2 Prove 3 Relation to integer partitions 4 Graphic sequences for other types of graphs 5 Versione più forte 6 Generalizzazione 7 Guarda anche 8 References Statement A sequence of non-negative integers {stile di visualizzazione d_{1}geq cdots geq d_{n}} can be represented as the degree sequence of a finite simple graph on n vertices if and only if {stile di visualizzazione d_{1}+cdots +d_{n}} is even and {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{K}d_{io}leq k(k-1)+somma _{i=k+1}^{n}min(d_{io},K)} holds for every k in {displaystyle 1leg kleg n} .

Proofs It is not difficult to show that the conditions of the Erdős–Gallai theorem are necessary for a sequence of numbers to be graphic. The requirement that the sum of the degrees be even is the handshaking lemma, already used by Euler in his 1736 paper on the bridges of Königsberg. The inequality between the sum of the {stile di visualizzazione k} largest degrees and the sum of the remaining degrees can be established by double counting: the left side gives the numbers of edge-vertex adjacencies among the {stile di visualizzazione k} highest-degree vertices, each such adjacency must either be on an edge with one or two high-degree endpoints, il {stile di visualizzazione k(k-1)} term on the right gives the maximum possible number of edge-vertex adjacencies in which both endpoints have high degree, and the remaining term on the right upper bounds the number of edges that have exactly one high degree endpoint. così, the more difficult part of the proof is to show that, for any sequence of numbers obeying these conditions, there exists a graph for which it is the degree sequence.

The original proof of Erdős & Gallai (1960) was long and involved. Choudum (1986) cites a shorter proof by Claude Berge, based on ideas of network flow. Choudum instead provides a proof by mathematical induction on the sum of the degrees: he lets {stile di visualizzazione t} be the first index of a number in the sequence for which {stile di visualizzazione d_{t}>d_{t+1}} (or the penultimate number if all are equal), uses a case analysis to show that the sequence formed by subtracting one from {stile di visualizzazione d_{t}} and from the last number in the sequence (and removing the last number if this subtraction causes it to become zero) is again graphic, and forms a graph representing the original sequence by adding an edge between the two positions from which one was subtracted.

Tripathi, Venugopalan & West (2010) consider a sequence of "subrealizations", graphs whose degrees are upper bounded by the given degree sequence. They show that, if G is a subrealization, and i is the smallest index of a vertex in G whose degree is not equal to di, then G may be modified in a way that produces another subrealization, increasing the degree of vertex i without changing the degrees of the earlier vertices in the sequence. Repeated steps of this kind must eventually reach a realization of the given sequence, dimostrare il teorema.

Relation to integer partitions Aigner & Triesch (1994) describe close connections between the Erdős–Gallai theorem and the theory of integer partitions. Permettere {displaystyle m=sum d_{io}} ; then the sorted integer sequences summing to {stile di visualizzazione m} may be interpreted as the partitions of {stile di visualizzazione m} . Under majorization of their prefix sums, the partitions form a lattice, in which the minimal change between an individual partition and another partition lower in the partition order is to subtract one from one of the numbers {stile di visualizzazione d_{io}} and add it to a number {stile di visualizzazione d_{j}} that is smaller by at least two ( {stile di visualizzazione d_{j}} could be zero). As Aigner and Triesch show, this operation preserves the property of being graphic, so to prove the Erdős–Gallai theorem it suffices to characterize the graphic sequences that are maximal in this majorization order. They provide such a characterization, in terms of the Ferrers diagrams of the corresponding partitions, and show that it is equivalent to the Erdős–Gallai theorem.

Graphic sequences for other types of graphs Similar theorems describe the degree sequences of simple directed graphs, simple directed graphs with loops, and simple bipartite graphs (Berger 2012). The first problem is characterized by the Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem. The latter two cases, which are equivalent, are characterized by the Gale–Ryser theorem.

Stronger version Tripathi & Vijay (2003) proved that it suffices to consider the {stile di visualizzazione k} th inequality such that {displaystyle 1leq kd_{k+1}} and for {displaystyle k=n} . Barrus et al. (2012) restrict the set of inequalities for graphs in an opposite thrust. If an even-summed positive sequence d has no repeated entries other than the maximum and the minimum (and the length exceeds the largest entry), then it suffices to check only the {stile di visualizzazione l} th inequality, dove {displaystyle l=max{kmid d_{K}gek k}} .

Generalization A finite sequences of nonnegative integers {stile di visualizzazione (d_{1},cdot ,d_{n})} insieme a {stile di visualizzazione d_{1}geq cdots geq d_{n}} is graphic if {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{io=1}^{n}d_{io}} is even and there exists a sequence {stile di visualizzazione (c_{1},cdot ,c_{n})} that is graphic and majorizes {stile di visualizzazione (d_{1},cdot ,d_{n})} . This result was given by Aigner & Triesch (1994). Mahadev & Peled (1995) reinvented it and gave a more direct proof.

See also Havel–Hakimi algorithm References Aigner, Martino; Triesch, Eberhard (1994), "Realizability and uniqueness in graphs", Matematica discreta, 136 (1–3): 3–20, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(94)00104-Q, SIG 1313278. Barrus, M. D.; Hartke, S. G.; Jao, Kyle F.; ovest, D. B. (2012), "Length thresholds for graphic lists given fixed largest and smallest entries and bounded gaps", Matematica discreta, 312 (9): 1494–1501, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2011.05.001 Berger, Annabell (2012), The connection between the number of realizations for degree sequences and majorization, arXiv:1212.5443, Bibcode:2012arXiv1212.5443B Choudum, S. UN. (1986), "A simple proof of the Erdős–Gallai theorem on graph sequences", Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society, 33 (1): 67–70, doi:10.1017/S0004972700002872, SIG 0823853. foresta, P.; Gallai, T. (1960), "Gráfok előírt fokszámú pontokkal" (PDF), Matematikai Lapok, 11: 264–274 Mahadev, N. V. R.; Peled, u. N. (1995), Threshold graphs and related topics, Elsevier Tripathi, Amitabha; Vijay, Sujith (2003), "A note on a theorem of Erdős & Gallai", Matematica discreta, 265 (1–3): 417–420, doi:10.1016/s0012-365x(02)00886-5, SIG 1969393 Tripathi, Amitabha; Venugopalan, Sushmita; ovest, Douglas B. (2010), "A short constructive proof of the Erdős–Gallai characterization of graphic lists", Matematica discreta, 310 (4): 843–844, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2009.09.023, SIG 2574834 Categorie: Paul ErdősTheorems in graph theory