# Il teorema di De Branges

De Branges's theorem In complex analysis, de Branges's theorem, or the Bieberbach conjecture, is a theorem that gives a necessary condition on a holomorphic function in order for it to map the open unit disk of the complex plane injectively to the complex plane. It was posed by Ludwig Bieberbach (1916) and finally proven by Louis de Branges (1985).

The statement concerns the Taylor coefficients an of a univalent function, cioè. a one-to-one holomorphic function that maps the unit disk into the complex plane, normalized as is always possible so that a0 = 0 and a1 = 1. Questo è, we consider a function defined on the open unit disk which is holomorphic and injective (univalent) with Taylor series of the form {stile di visualizzazione f(z)=z+sum _{ngq 2}un_{n}z^{n}.} Such functions are called schlicht. The theorem then states that {stile di visualizzazione |un_{n}|leq nquad {testo{per tutti }}ngq 2.} The Koebe function (vedi sotto) is a function in which an = n for all n, and it is schlicht, so we cannot find a stricter limit on the absolute value of the nth coefficient.

Contenuti 1 Schlicht functions 2 Storia 3 De Branges's proof 4 Guarda anche 5 References Schlicht functions The normalizations a0 = 0 and a1 = 1 mean that f(0) = 0 and f '(0) = 1.

This can always be obtained by an affine transformation: starting with an arbitrary injective holomorphic function g defined on the open unit disk and setting {stile di visualizzazione f(z)={frac {g(z)-g(0)}{g'(0)}}.} Such functions g are of interest because they appear in the Riemann mapping theorem.

A schlicht function is defined as an analytic function f that is one-to-one and satisfies f(0) = 0 and f '(0) = 1. A family of schlicht functions are the rotated Koebe functions {stile di visualizzazione f_{alfa }(z)={frac {z}{(1-alpha z)^{2}}}=somma _{n=1}^{infty }nalpha ^{n-1}z^{n}} with α a complex number of absolute value 1. If f is a schlicht function and |un| = n for some n ≥ 2, then f is a rotated Koebe function.

The condition of de Branges' theorem is not sufficient to show the function is schlicht, as the function {stile di visualizzazione f(z)=z+z^{2}=(z+1/2)^{2}-1/4} shows: it is holomorphic on the unit disc and satisfies |un|≤n for all n, but it is not injective since f(−1/2 + z) = f(−1/2 − z).

History A survey of the history is given by Koepf (2007).

Bieberbach (1916) proved |a2| ≤ 2, and stated the conjecture that |un| ≤ n. Loewner (1917) and Nevanlinna (1921) independently proved the conjecture for starlike functions. Then Charles Loewner (Löwner (1923)) proved |a3| ≤ 3, using the Löwner equation. His work was used by most later attempts, and is also applied in the theory of Schramm–Loewner evolution.

Littlewood (1925, teorema 20) lo ha dimostrato |un| ≤ en for all n, showing that the Bieberbach conjecture is true up to a factor of e = 2.718... Several authors later reduced the constant in the inequality below e.

If f(z) = z + ... is a schlicht function then φ(z) = f(z2)1/2 is an odd schlicht function. Paley and Littlewood (1932) showed that its Taylor coefficients satisfy bk ≤ 14 for all k. They conjectured that 14 can be replaced by 1 as a natural generalization of the Bieberbach conjecture. The Littlewood–Paley conjecture easily implies the Bieberbach conjecture using the Cauchy inequality, but it was soon disproved by Fekete & Szegö (1933), who showed there is an odd schlicht function with b5 = 1/2 + esp(−2/3) = 1.013..., and that this is the maximum possible value of b5. Isaak Milin later showed that 14 can be replaced by 1.14, and Hayman showed that the numbers bk have a limit less than 1 if f is not a Koebe function (for which the b2k+1 are all 1). So the limit is always less than or equal to 1, meaning that Littlewood and Paley's conjecture is true for all but a finite number of coefficients. A weaker form of Littlewood and Paley's conjecture was found by Robertson (1936).

The Robertson conjecture states that if {stile di visualizzazione phi (z)=b_{1}z+b_{3}z^{3}+b_{5}z^{5}+cdot } is an odd schlicht function in the unit disk with b1=1 then for all positive integers n, {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{k=1}^{n}|b_{2k+1}|^{2}leq n.} Robertson observed that his conjecture is still strong enough to imply the Bieberbach conjecture, and proved it for n = 3. This conjecture introduced the key idea of bounding various quadratic functions of the coefficients rather than the coefficients themselves, which is equivalent to bounding norms of elements in certain Hilbert spaces of schlicht functions.

There were several proofs of the Bieberbach conjecture for certain higher values of n, in particular Garabedian & Schiffer (1955) proved |a4| ≤ 4, Ozawa (1969) and Pederson (1968) proved |a6| ≤ 6, and Pederson & Schiffer (1972) proved |a5| ≤ 5.

Hayman (1955) proved that the limit of an/n exists, and has absolute value less than 1 unless f is a Koebe function. In particular this showed that for any f there can be at most a finite number of exceptions to the Bieberbach conjecture.

The Milin conjecture states that for each schlicht function on the unit disk, and for all positive integers n, {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{k=1}^{n}(n-k+1)(K|gamma _{K}|^{2}-1/K)leq 0} where the logarithmic coefficients γn of f are given by {displaystyle log(f(z)/z)=2sum _{n=1}^{infty }gamma _{n}z^{n}.} Milin (1977) showed using the Lebedev–Milin inequality that the Milin conjecture (later proved by de Branges) implies the Robertson conjecture and therefore the Bieberbach conjecture.

Finally De Branges (1985) proved |un| ≤ n for all n.

De Branges's proof The proof uses a type of Hilbert spaces of entire functions. The study of these spaces grew into a sub-field of complex analysis and the spaces have come to be called de Branges spaces. De Branges proved the stronger Milin conjecture (Milin 1971) on logarithmic coefficients. This was already known to imply the Robertson conjecture (Robertson 1936) about odd univalent functions, which in turn was known to imply the Bieberbach conjecture about schlicht functions (Bieberbach 1916). His proof uses the Loewner equation, the Askey–Gasper inequality about Jacobi polynomials, and the Lebedev–Milin inequality on exponentiated power series.

De Branges reduced the conjecture to some inequalities for Jacobi polynomials, and verified the first few by hand. Walter Gautschi verified more of these inequalities by computer for de Branges (proving the Bieberbach conjecture for the first 30 or so coefficients) and then asked Richard Askey whether he knew of any similar inequalities. Askey pointed out that Askey & Gasper (1976) had proved the necessary inequalities eight years before, which allowed de Branges to complete his proof. The first version was very long and had some minor mistakes which caused some skepticism about it, but these were corrected with the help of members of the Leningrad seminar on Geometric Function Theory (Leningrad Department of Steklov Mathematical Institute) when de Branges visited in 1984.

De Branges proved the following result, which for ν = 0 implies the Milin conjecture (and therefore the Bieberbach conjecture). Suppose that ν > −3/2 and σn are real numbers for positive integers n with limit 0 e tale che {displaystyle rho _{n}={frac {Gamma (2nu +n+1)}{Gamma (n+1)}}(sigma _{n}-sigma _{n+1})} is non-negative, non-increasing, and has limit 0. Then for all Riemann mapping functions F(z) = z + ... univalent in the unit disk with {stile di visualizzazione {frac {F(z)^{non }-z^{non }}{non }}=somma _{n=1}^{infty }un_{n}z^{nu +n}} the maximinum value of {somma dello stile di visualizzazione _{n=1}^{infty }(nu +n)sigma _{n}|un_{n}|^{2}} is achieved by the Koebe function z/(1 − z)2.

A simplified version of the proof was published in 1985 by Carl FitzGerald and Christian Pommerenke (FitzGerald & Pommerenke (1985)), and an even shorter description by Jacob Korevaar (Korevaar (1986)).

See also Grunsky matrix Fekete–Szegő inequality Schwarz lemma References Askey, Richard; Gasper, Giorgio (1976), "Positive Jacobi polynomial sums. II", Giornale americano di matematica, 98 (3): 709–737, doi:10.2307/2373813, ISSN 0002-9327, JSTOR 2373813, SIG 0430358 Baernstein, Alberto; Drasin, Davide; Duren, Peter; et al., eds. (1986), The Bieberbach conjecture, Indagini matematiche e monografie, vol. 21, Provvidenza, RI: Società matematica americana, pp. xvi+218, doi:10.1090/surv/021, ISBN 978-0-8218-1521-2, SIG 0875226 Bieberbach, l. (1916), "Über die Koeffizienten derjenigen Potenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln", Sitzungsber. Preuss. Ritardo. Wiss. Phys-Math. Kl.: 940–955 Conway, Giovanni B. (1995), Functions of One Complex Variable II, Berlino, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94460-9 de Branges, Louis (1985), "A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture", Giornale di matematica, 154 (1): 137–152, doi:10.1007/BF02392821, SIG 0772434 de Branges, Louis (1987), "Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture", Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici, vol. 1, 2 (Berkeley, Calif., 1986), Provvidenza, RI: Società matematica americana, pp. 25–42, SIG 0934213 Drasin, Davide; Duren, Peter; Marden, Alberto, eds. (1986), "The Bieberbach conjecture", Proceedings of the symposium on the occasion of the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., March 11—14, 1985, Indagini matematiche e monografie, Provvidenza, RI: Società matematica americana, vol. 21, pp. xvi+218, doi:10.1090/surv/021, ISBN 0-8218-1521-0, SIG 0875226 Fekete, M.; Un chiodo, G. (1933), "Eine Bemerkung Über Ungerade Schlichte Funktionen", J. Londra matematica. soc., s1-8 (2): 85–89, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-8.2.85 FitzGerald, Carl; Pommerenke, cristiano (1985), "The de Branges theorem on univalent functions", Trans. Amer. Matematica. soc., 290 (2): 683, doi:10.2307/2000306, JSTOR 2000306 Goluzina, E.G. (2001) [1994], "Bieberbach conjecture", Enciclopedia della matematica, EMS Press Grinshpan, Arcadii Z. (1999), "The Bieberbach conjecture and Milin's functionals", Il mensile matematico americano, 106 (3): 203–214, doi:10.2307/2589676, JSTOR 2589676, SIG 1682341 Grinshpan, Arcadii Z. (2002), "Logarithmic Geometry, Exponentiation, and Coefficient Bounds in the Theory of Univalent Functions and Nonoverlapping Domains", in Kuhnau, Reiner (ed.), Geometric Function Theory, Handbook of Complex Analysis, vol. 1, Amsterdam: Olanda Settentrionale, pp. 273–332, doi:10.1016/S1874-5709(02)80012-9, ISBN 0-444-82845-1, SIG 1966197, Zbl 1083.30017. Hayman, w. K. (1955), "The asymptotic behaviour of p-valent functions", Atti della London Mathematical Society, Third Series, 5 (3): 257–284, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-5.3.257, SIG 0071536 Hayman, w. K. (1994), "De Branges' Theorem", Multivalent functions, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 110 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521460263 Koepf, Wolfram (2007), Bieberbach’s Conjecture, the de Branges and Weinstein Functions and the Askey-Gasper Inequality Korevaar, Giacobbe (1986), "Ludwig Bieberbach's conjecture and its proof by Louis de Branges", Il mensile matematico americano, 93 (7): 505–514, doi:10.2307/2323021, ISSN 0002-9890, JSTOR 2323021, SIG 0856290 Littlewood, J. e. (1925), "On Inequalities in the Theory of Functions", Proc. Londra matematica. soc., s2-23: 481–519, doi:10.1112/plms/s2-23.1.481 Littlewood, J.E.; Paley, e. UN. C. (1932), "A Proof That An Odd Schlicht Function Has Bounded Coefficients", J. Londra matematica. soc., s1-7 (3): 167–169, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-7.3.167 Loewner, C. (1917), "Untersuchungen über die Verzerrung bei konformen Abbildungen des Einheitskreises /z/ < 1, die durch Funktionen mit nicht verschwindender Ableitung geliefert werden", Ber. Verh. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. Leipzig, 69: 89–106 Loewner, C. (1923), "Untersuchungen über schlichte konforme Abbildungen des Einheitskreises. I", Math. Ann., 89: 103–121, doi:10.1007/BF01448091, hdl:10338.dmlcz/125927, JFM 49.0714.01 Milin, I. M. (1977), Univalent functions and orthonormal systems, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, MR 0369684 (Translation of the 1971 Russian edition) Nevanlinna, R. (1921), "Über die konforme Abbildung von Sterngebieten", Ofvers. Finska Vet. Soc. Forh., 53: 1–21 Robertson, M. S. (1936), "A remark on the odd schlicht functions", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 42 (6): 366–370, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1936-06300-7 Categories: Theorems in complex analysisConjecturesConjectures that have been proved

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