Angle bisector theorem

Angle bisector theorem In this diagram, BD:DC = AB:AC.

In geometry, the angle bisector theorem is concerned with the relative lengths of the two segments that a triangle's side is divided into by a line that bisects the opposite angle. It equates their relative lengths to the relative lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.

Contents 1 Theorem 2 Proofs 2.1 Proof 1 2.2 Proof 2 2.3 Proof 3 3 Exterior angle bisectors 4 History 5 Applications 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Theorem Consider a triangle ABC. Let the angle bisector of angle A intersect side BC at a point D between B and C. The angle bisector theorem states that the ratio of the length of the line segment BD to the length of segment CD is equal to the ratio of the length of side AB to the length of side AC: {displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={frac {|AB|}{|AC|}},} and conversely, if a point D on the side BC of triangle ABC divides BC in the same ratio as the sides AB and AC, then AD is the angle bisector of angle ∠ A.

The generalized angle bisector theorem states that if D lies on the line BC, then {displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={frac {|AB|sin angle DAB}{|AC|sin angle DAC}}.} This reduces to the previous version if AD is the bisector of ∠ BAC. When D is external to the segment BC, directed line segments and directed angles must be used in the calculation.

The angle bisector theorem is commonly used when the angle bisectors and side lengths are known. It can be used in a calculation or in a proof.

An immediate consequence of the theorem is that the angle bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle will also bisect the opposite side.

Proofs Proof 1 In the above diagram, use the law of sines on triangles ABD and ACD: {displaystyle {frac {|AB|}{|BD|}}={frac {sin angle ADB}{sin angle DAB}}}         (1) {displaystyle {frac {|AC|}{|CD|}}={frac {sin angle ADC}{sin angle DAC}}}         (2) Angles ∠ ADB and ∠ ADC form a linear pair, that is, they are adjacent supplementary angles. Since supplementary angles have equal sines, {displaystyle {sin angle ADB}={sin angle ADC}.} Angles ∠ DAB and ∠ DAC are equal. Therefore, the right hand sides of equations (1) and (2) are equal, so their left hand sides must also be equal.

{displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={frac {|AB|}{|AC|}},} which is the angle bisector theorem.

If angles ∠ DAB and ∠ DAC are unequal, equations (1) and (2) can be re-written as: {displaystyle {{frac {|AB|}{|BD|}}sin angle DAB=sin angle ADB},} {displaystyle {{frac {|AC|}{|CD|}}sin angle DAC=sin angle ADC}.} Angles ∠ ADB and ∠ ADC are still supplementary, so the right hand sides of these equations are still equal, so we obtain: {displaystyle {{frac {|AB|}{|BD|}}sin angle DAB={frac {|AC|}{|CD|}}sin angle DAC},} which rearranges to the "generalized" version of the theorem.

Proof 2 Let D be a point on the line BC, not equal to B or C and such that AD is not an altitude of triangle ABC.

Let B1 be the base (foot) of the altitude in the triangle ABD through B and let C1 be the base of the altitude in the triangle ACD through C. Then, if D is strictly between B and C, one and only one of B1 or C1 lies inside triangle ABC and it can be assumed without loss of generality that B1 does. This case is depicted in the adjacent diagram. If D lies outside of segment BC, then neither B1 nor C1 lies inside the triangle.

∠ DB1B and ∠ DC1C are right angles, while the angles ∠ B1DB and ∠ C1DC are congruent if D lies on the segment BC (that is, between B and C) and they are identical in the other cases being considered, so the triangles DB1B and DC1C are similar (AAA), which implies that: {displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={frac {|BB_{1}|}{|CC_{1}|}}={frac {|AB|sin angle BAD}{|AC|sin angle CAD}}.} If D is the foot of an altitude, then, {displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|AB|}}=sin angle BAD{text{ and }}{frac {|CD|}{|AC|}}=sin angle DAC,} and the generalized form follows.

Proof 3 {displaystyle alpha ={tfrac {angle BAC}{2}}=angle BAD=angle CAD} A quick proof can be obtained by looking at the ratio of the areas of the two triangles {displaystyle triangle BAD} and {displaystyle triangle CAD} , which are created by the angle bisector in {displaystyle A} . Computing those areas twice using different formulas, that is {displaystyle {tfrac {1}{2}}gh} with base {displaystyle g} and altitude {displaystyle h} and {displaystyle {tfrac {1}{2}}absin(gamma )} with sides {displaystyle a} , {displaystyle b} and their enclosed angle {displaystyle gamma } , will yield the desired result.

Let {displaystyle h} denote the height of the triangles on base {displaystyle BC} and {displaystyle alpha } be half of the angle in {displaystyle A} . Then {displaystyle {frac {|triangle ABD|}{|triangle ACD|}}={frac {{frac {1}{2}}|BD|h}{{frac {1}{2}}|CD|h}}={frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}} and {displaystyle {frac {|triangle ABD|}{|triangle ACD|}}={frac {{frac {1}{2}}|AB||AD|sin(alpha )}{{frac {1}{2}}|AC||AD|sin(alpha )}}={frac {|AB|}{|AC|}}} yields {displaystyle {frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={frac {|AB|}{|AC|}}.} Exterior angle bisectors exterior angle bisectors (dotted red): Points D, E, F are collinear and the following equations for ratios hold: {displaystyle {tfrac {|EB|}{|EC|}}={tfrac {|AB|}{|AC|}}} , {displaystyle {tfrac {|FB|}{|FA|}}={tfrac {|CB|}{|CA|}}} , {displaystyle {tfrac {|DA|}{|DC|}}={tfrac {|BA|}{|BC|}}} For the exterior angle bisectors in a non-equilateral triangle there exist similar equations for the ratios of the lengths of triangle sides. More precisely if the exterior angle bisector in {displaystyle A} intersects the extended side {displaystyle BC} in {displaystyle E} , the exterior angle bisector in {displaystyle B} intersects the extended side {displaystyle AC} in {displaystyle D} and the exterior angle bisector in {displaystyle C} intersects the extended side {displaystyle AB} in {displaystyle F} , then the following equations hold:[1] {displaystyle {frac {|EB|}{|EC|}}={frac {|AB|}{|AC|}}} , {displaystyle {frac {|FB|}{|FA|}}={frac {|CB|}{|CA|}}} , {displaystyle {frac {|DA|}{|DC|}}={frac {|BA|}{|BC|}}} The three points of intersection between the exterior angle bisectors and the extended triangle sides {displaystyle D} , {displaystyle E} and {displaystyle F} are collinear, that is they lie on a common line.[2] History The angle bisector theorem appears as Proposition 3 of Book VI in Euclid's Elements. According to Heath (1956, p. 197 (vol. 2)), the corresponding statement for an external angle bisector was given by Robert Simson who noted that Pappus assumed this result without proof. Heath goes on to say that Augustus De Morgan proposed that the two statements should be combined as follows:[3] If an angle of a triangle is bisected internally or externally by a straight line which cuts the opposite side or the opposite side produced, the segments of that side will have the same ratio as the other sides of the triangle; and, if a side of a triangle be divided internally or externally so that its segments have the same ratio as the other sides of the triangle, the straight line drawn from the point of section to the angular point which is opposite to the first mentioned side will bisect the interior or exterior angle at that angular point. Applications This section needs expansion with: more theorems/results. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020) This theorem has been used to prove the following theorems/results: Coordinates of the incenter of a triangle Circles of Apollonius References ^ Alfred S. Posamentier: Advanced Euclidean Geometry: Excursions for Students and Teachers. Springer, 2002, ISBN 9781930190856, pp. 3-4 ^ Roger A. Johnson: Advanced Euclidean Geometry. Dover 2007, ISBN 978-0-486-46237-0, p. 149 (original publication 1929 with Houghton Mifflin Company (Boston) as Modern Geometry). ^ Heath, Thomas L. (1956). The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements (2nd ed. [Facsimile. Original publication: Cambridge University Press, 1925] ed.). New York: Dover Publications. (3 vols.): ISBN 0-486-60088-2 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-486-60089-0 (vol. 2), ISBN 0-486-60090-4 (vol. 3). Heath's authoritative translation plus extensive historical research and detailed commentary throughout the text. Further reading G.W.I.S Amarasinghe: On the Standard Lengths of Angle Bisectors and the Angle Bisector Theorem, Global Journal of Advanced Research on Classical and Modern Geometries, Vol 01(01), pp. 15 – 27, 2012 External links A Property of Angle Bisectors at cut-the-knot Intro to angle bisector theorem at Khan Academy hide vte Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematics (Euclidean geometry) Mathematicians (timeline) AnaxagorasAnthemiusArchytasAristaeus the ElderAristarchusApolloniusArchimedesAutolycusBionBrysonCallippusCarpusChrysippusCleomedesCononCtesibiusDemocritusDicaearchusDioclesDiophantusDinostratusDionysodorusDomninusEratosthenesEudemusEuclidEudoxusEutociusGeminusHeliodorusHeronHipparchusHippasusHippiasHippocratesHypatiaHypsiclesIsidore of MiletusLeonMarinusMenaechmusMenelausMetrodorusNicomachusNicomedesNicotelesOenopidesPappusPerseusPhilolausPhilonPhilonidesPorphyryPosidoniusProclusPtolemyPythagorasSerenus SimpliciusSosigenesSporusThalesTheaetetusTheanoTheodorusTheodosiusTheon of AlexandriaTheon of SmyrnaThymaridasXenocratesZeno of EleaZeno of SidonZenodorus Treatises AlmagestArchimedes PalimpsestArithmeticaConics (Apollonius)CatoptricsData (Euclid)Elements (Euclid)Measurement of a CircleOn Conoids and SpheroidsOn the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)On the Moving Sphere (Autolycus)Euclid's OpticsOn SpiralsOn the Sphere and CylinderOstomachionPlanisphaeriumSphaericsThe Quadrature of the ParabolaThe Sand Reckoner Problems Constructible numbers Angle trisectionDoubling the cubeSquaring the circleProblem of Apollonius Concepts and definitions Angle CentralInscribedChordCircles of Apollonius Apollonian circlesApollonian gasketCircumscribed circleCommensurabilityDiophantine equationDoctrine of proportionalityGolden ratioGreek numeralsIncircle and excircles of a triangleMethod of exhaustionParallel postulatePlatonic solidLune of HippocratesQuadratrix of HippiasRegular polygonStraightedge and compass constructionTriangle center Results In Elements Angle bisector theoremExterior angle theoremEuclidean algorithmEuclid's theoremGeometric mean theoremGreek geometric algebraHinge theoremInscribed angle theoremIntercept theoremIntersecting chords theoremIntersecting secants theoremLaw of cosinesPons asinorumPythagorean theoremTangent-secant theoremThales's theoremTheorem of the gnomon Apollonius Apollonius's theorem Other Aristarchus's inequalityCrossbar theoremHeron's formulaIrrational numbersLaw of sinesMenelaus's theoremPappus's area theoremProblem II.8 of ArithmeticaPtolemy's inequalityPtolemy's table of chordsPtolemy's theoremSpiral of Theodorus Centers CyreneLibrary of AlexandriaPlatonic Academy Other Ancient Greek astronomyGreek numeralsLatin translations of the 12th centuryNeusis construction  Ancient Greece portal •  Mathematics portal Categories: Elementary geometryTheorems about triangles