Acyclic model

Acyclic model   (Redirected from Acyclic models theorem) Jump to navigation Jump to search In algebraic topology, a discipline within mathematics, the acyclic models theorem can be used to show that two homology theories are isomorphic. The theorem was developed by topologists Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders MacLane.[1] They discovered that, when topologists were writing proofs to establish equivalence of various homology theories, there were numerous similarities in the processes. Eilenberg and MacLane then discovered the theorem to generalize this process.

It can be used to prove the Eilenberg–Zilber theorem; this leads to the idea of the model category.

Contents 1 Statement of the theorem 2 Generalizations 2.1 Projective and acyclic complexes 2.2 Acyclic classes 3 Example 4 References Statement of the theorem Let {displaystyle {mathcal {K}}} be an arbitrary category and {displaystyle {mathcal {C}}(R)} be the category of chain complexes of {displaystyle R} -modules over some ring {displaystyle R} . Let {displaystyle F,V:{mathcal {K}}to {mathcal {C}}(R)} be covariant functors such that: {displaystyle F_{i}=V_{i}=0} for {displaystyle i<0} . There are {displaystyle {mathcal {M}}_{k}subseteq {mathcal {K}}} for {displaystyle kgeq 0} such that {displaystyle F_{k}} has a basis in {displaystyle {mathcal {M}}_{k}} , so {displaystyle F} is a free functor. {displaystyle V} is {displaystyle k} - and {displaystyle (k+1)} -acyclic at these models, which means that {displaystyle H_{k}(V(M))=0} for all {displaystyle k>0} and all {displaystyle Min {mathcal {M}}_{k}cup {mathcal {M}}_{k+1}} .

Then the following assertions hold:[2][3] Every natural transformation {displaystyle varphi :H_{0}(F)to H_{0}(V)} induces a natural chain map {displaystyle f:Fto V} . If {displaystyle varphi ,psi :H_{0}(F)to H_{0}(V)} are natural transformations, {displaystyle f,g:Fto V} are natural chain maps as before and {displaystyle varphi ^{M}=psi ^{M}} for all models {displaystyle Min {mathcal {M}}_{0}} , then there is a natural chain homotopy between {displaystyle f} and {displaystyle g} . In particular the chain map {displaystyle f} is unique up to natural chain homotopy. Generalizations Projective and acyclic complexes What is above is one of the earliest versions of the theorem. Another version is the one that says that if {displaystyle K} is a complex of projectives in an abelian category and {displaystyle L} is an acyclic complex in that category, then any map {displaystyle K_{0}to L_{0}} extends to a chain map {displaystyle Kto L} , unique up to homotopy.

This specializes almost to the above theorem if one uses the functor category {displaystyle {mathcal {C}}(R)^{mathcal {K}}} as the abelian category. Free functors are projective objects in that category. The morphisms in the functor category are natural transformations, so the constructed chain maps and homotopies are all natural. The difference is that in the above version, {displaystyle V} being acyclic is a stronger assumption than being acyclic only at certain objects.

On the other hand, the above version almost implies this version by letting {displaystyle {mathcal {K}}} a category with only one object. Then the free functor {displaystyle F} is basically just a free (and hence projective) module. {displaystyle V} being acyclic at the models (there is only one) means nothing else than that the complex {displaystyle V} is acyclic.

Acyclic classes There is a grand theorem that unifies both of the above.[4][5] Let {displaystyle {mathcal {A}}} be an abelian category (for example, {displaystyle {mathcal {C}}(R)} or {displaystyle {mathcal {C}}(R)^{mathcal {K}}} ). A class {displaystyle Gamma } of chain complexes over {displaystyle {mathcal {A}}} will be called an acyclic class provided that: The 0 complex is in {displaystyle Gamma } . The complex {displaystyle C} belongs to {displaystyle Gamma } if and only if the suspension of {displaystyle C} does. If the complexes {displaystyle K} and {displaystyle L} are homotopic and {displaystyle Kin Gamma } , then {displaystyle Lin Gamma } . Every complex in {displaystyle Gamma } is acyclic. If {displaystyle D} is a double complex, all of whose rows are in {displaystyle Gamma } , then the total complex of {displaystyle D} belongs to {displaystyle Gamma } .

There are three natural examples of acyclic classes, although doubtless others exist. The first is that of homotopy contractible complexes. The second is that of acyclic complexes. In functor categories (e.g. the category of all functors from topological spaces to abelian groups), there is a class of complexes that are contractible on each object, but where the contractions might not be given by natural transformations. Another example is again in functor categories but this time the complexes are acyclic only at certain objects.

Let {displaystyle Sigma } denote the class of chain maps between complexes whose mapping cone belongs to {displaystyle Gamma } . Although {displaystyle Sigma } does not necessarily have a calculus of either right or left fractions, it has weaker properties of having homotopy classes of both left and right fractions that permit forming the class {displaystyle Sigma ^{-1}C} gotten by inverting the arrows in {displaystyle Sigma } .[4] Let {displaystyle G} be an augmented endofunctor on {displaystyle C} , meaning there is given a natural transformation {displaystyle epsilon :Gto Id} (the identity functor on {displaystyle C} ). We say that the chain complex {displaystyle K} is {displaystyle G} -presentable if for each {displaystyle n} , the chain complex {displaystyle cdots K_{n}G^{m+1}to K_{n}G^{m}to cdots to K_{n}} belongs to {displaystyle Gamma } . The boundary operator is given by {displaystyle sum (-1)^{i}K_{n}G^{i}epsilon G^{m-i}:K_{n}G^{m+1}to K_{n}G^{m}} .

We say that the chain complex functor {displaystyle L} is {displaystyle G} -acyclic if the augmented chain complex {displaystyle Lto H_{0}(L)to 0} belongs to {displaystyle Gamma } .

Theorem. Let {displaystyle Gamma } be an acyclic class and {displaystyle Sigma } the corresponding class of arrows in the category of chain complexes. Suppose that {displaystyle K} is {displaystyle G} -presentable and {displaystyle L} is {displaystyle G} -acyclic. Then any natural transformation {displaystyle f_{0}:H_{0}(K)to H_{0}(L)} extends, in the category {displaystyle Sigma ^{-1}(C)} to a natural transformation of chain functors {displaystyle f:Kto L} and this is unique in {displaystyle Sigma ^{-1}(C)} up to chain homotopies. If we suppose, in addition, that {displaystyle L} is {displaystyle G} -presentable, that {displaystyle K} is {displaystyle G} -acyclic, and that {displaystyle f_{0}} is an isomorphism, then {displaystyle f} is homotopy equivalence.

Example Here is an example of this last theorem in action. Let {displaystyle X} be the category of triangulable spaces and {displaystyle C} be the category of abelian group valued functors on {displaystyle X} . Let {displaystyle K} be the singular chain complex functor and {displaystyle L} be the simplicial chain complex functor. Let {displaystyle E:Xto X} be the functor that assigns to each space {displaystyle X} the space {displaystyle sum _{ngeq 0}sum _{{textrm {Hom}}(Delta _{n},X)}Delta _{n}} .

Here, {displaystyle Delta _{n}} is the {displaystyle n} -simplex and this functor assigns to {displaystyle X} the sum of as many copies of each {displaystyle n} -simplex as there are maps {displaystyle Delta _{n}to X} . Then let {displaystyle G} be defined by {displaystyle G(C)=CE} . There is an obvious augmentation {displaystyle EXto X} and this induces one on {displaystyle G} . It can be shown that both {displaystyle K} and {displaystyle L} are both {displaystyle G} -presentable and {displaystyle G} -acyclic (the proof that {displaystyle L} is presentable and acyclic is not entirely straightforward and uses a detour through simplicial subdivision, which can also be handled using the above theorem). The class {displaystyle Gamma } is the class of homology equivalences. It is rather obvious that {displaystyle H_{0}(K)simeq H_{0}(L)} and so we conclude that singular and simplicial homology are isomorphic on {displaystyle X} .

There are many other examples in both algebra and topology, some of which are described in [4][5] References ^ S. Eilenberg and S. Mac Lane (1953), "Acyclic Models." Amer. J. Math. 75, pp.189–199 ^ Joseph J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology (1988) Springer-Verlag ISBN 0-387-96678-1 (See chapter 9, thm 9.12) ^ Dold, Albrecht (1980), Lectures on Algebraic Topology, A Series of Comprehensive Studies in Mathematics, vol. 200 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-10369-4 ^ Jump up to: a b c M. Barr, "Acyclic Models" (1999). ^ Jump up to: a b M. Barr, Acyclic Models (2002) CRM monograph 17, American Mathematical Society ISBN 978-0821828779. Schon, R. "Acyclic models and excision." Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 59(1) (1976) pp.167--168. Categories: Homological algebraTheorems in algebraic topology