15 e 290 theorems

15 e 290 theorems In mathematics, a 15 theorem or Conway–Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem, proved by John H. Conway and W. UMA. Schneeberger in 1993, states that if a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers.[1] The proof was complicated, and was never published. Manjul Bhargava found a much simpler proof which was published in 2000.[2] Bhargava used the occasion of his receiving the 2005 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize to announce that he and Jonathan P. Hanke had cracked Conway's conjecture that a similar theorem holds for integral quadratic forms, with the constant 15 replaced by 290. [3] The proof has since appeared in preprint form.[4] Details Suppose {displaystyle Q_{eu j}} is a symmetric matrix with real entries. For any vector {estilo de exibição x} with integer components, definir {estilo de exibição Q(x)=soma _{eu,j}Q_{eu j}x_{eu}x_{j}} This function is called a quadratic form. We say {estilo de exibição Q} is positive definite if {estilo de exibição Q(x)>0} em qualquer momento {displaystyle xneq 0} . Se {estilo de exibição Q(x)} is always an integer, we call the function {estilo de exibição Q} an integral quadratic form.

We get an integral quadratic form whenever the matrix entries {displaystyle Q_{eu j}} são inteiros; então {estilo de exibição Q} is said to have integer matrix. No entanto, {estilo de exibição Q} will still be an integral quadratic form if the off-diagonal entries {displaystyle Q_{eu j}} are integers divided by 2, while the diagonal entries are integers. Por exemplo, x2 + xy + y2 is integral but does not have integral matrix.

A positive integral quadratic form taking all positive integers as values is called universal. o 15 theorem says that a quadratic form with integer matrix is universal if it takes the numbers from 1 para 15 as values. A more precise version says that, if a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix takes the values 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 15 (sequence A030050 in the OEIS), then it takes all positive integers as values. Além disso, for each of these 9 numbers, there is such a quadratic form taking all other 8 positive integers except for this number as values.

Por exemplo, the quadratic form {displaystyle w^{2}+x^{2}+^{2}+z^{2}} is universal, because every positive integer can be written as a sum of 4 squares, by Lagrange's four-square theorem. By the 15 teorema, to verify this, it is sufficient to check that every positive integer up to 15 is a sum of 4 squares. (This does not give an alternative proof of Lagrange's theorem, because Lagrange's theorem is used in the proof of the 15 teorema.) Por outro lado, {displaystyle w^{2}+2x^{2}+5^{2}+5z^{2},} is a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix that takes as values all positive integers other than 15.

o 290 theorem says a positive definite integral quadratic form is universal if it takes the numbers from 1 para 290 as values. A more precise version states that, if an integer valued integral quadratic form represents all the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 42, 58, 93, 110, 145, 203, 290 (sequence A030051 in the OEIS), then it represents all positive integers, and for each of these 29 numbers, there is such a quadratic form representing all other 28 positive integers with the exception of this one number.

Bhargava has found analogous criteria for a quadratic form with integral matrix to represent all primes (the set {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 67, 73} (sequence A154363 in the OEIS)) and for such a quadratic form to represent all positive odd integers (the set {1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 33} (sequence A116582 in the OEIS)).

Expository accounts of these result have been written by Hahn[5] and Moon[6] (who provides proofs).

References ^ Conway, J.H. (2000). "Universal quadratic forms and the fifteen theorem". Quadratic forms and their applications (Dublin, 1999) (PDF). Contemp. Matemática. Volume. 272. Providência, RI: América. Matemática. Soc. pp. 23–26. ISBN 0-8218-2779-0. Zbl 0987.11026. ^ Bhargava, Manjul (2000). "On the Conway–Schneeberger fifteen theorem". Quadratic forms and their applications (Dublin, 1999) (PDF). Contemp. Matemática. Volume. 272. Providência, RI: América. Matemática. Soc. pp. 27-37. ISBN 0-8218-2779-0. SENHOR 1803359. Zbl 0987.11027. ^ Alladi, Krishnaswami. "Ramanujan's legacy: the work of the SASTRA prize winners". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. The Royal Society Publishing. Recuperado 4 Fevereiro 2020. ^ Bhargava, M., & Hanke, J., Universal quadratic forms and the 290-theorem. ^ Alexander J. Hahn, Quadratic Forms over {estilo de exibição mathbb {Z} } from Diophantus to the 290 Teorema, Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras, 2008, Volume 18, Issue 3-4, 665-676 ^ Yong Suk Moon, Universal quadratic forms and the 15-theorem and 290-theorem Categories: Additive number theoryTheorems in number theoryQuadratic forms